Succinimide system

Phensuximide, USP. Some trophism toward antiabsence activity is attributed to the succinimide system. The -CHi- could be viewed as an a-alkyl branch condensed into the ring. Phensuximide. A(-melhyl-2-phenylsuccinimidc (Milontin), is used primarily against absence seizures, hut it has low potency and is relegated to secondary status. The... 

The role of detergent additives is to maintain clean injectors so as to insure good distribution of diesel fuel in the cylinder. The structure of these compounds is similar to that of detergents for gasoline engine admission systems. Commercialized compounds are from the succinimide family (see Figure 9.1). 

An iron-catalyzed carbonylation reaction of alkynes 120 forming succinimides 121 by the aid of Fe(CO)5 78 or [Fe3(CO)i2] 119 has been reported by Beller et al. (Scheme 31) [94]. This reaction seems interesting as iron-carbonyl complexes are kinetically relatively inert. As a model system 3-hexyne was reacted with excess ammonia under 20 bar CO pressure. Employing a higher pressure leads to... 

Eftink, M.R. and Chiron, C.A. (1984) Indole fluorescence quenching studies on proteins and model systems use of the efficient quencher succinimide. Biochemistry 23, 3891-3899. 

Diesel fuel detergents are usually organic amines, imides, succinimides, polyalkyl amines, or other polyamine-type compounds. These compounds function by dispersing and solubilizing deposit-forming compounds into the fuel. Some detergents can also remove existing deposits from fuel injection system parts. 

Incorporation of the pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (succinimide) ring system into a polymeric framework has been accomplished in a variety of ways. The first method involves the addition polymerization of a suitably substituted derivative of succinimide. Several vinyl derivatives, including l-vinylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (IV-vinylsuccinimide), have been described (B-74MI11100). Several groups have carried out investigations on polymerizable derivatives of A-hydroxysuccinimide, some examples of which are shown in Scheme 2... 

The photoelectron spectrum of pyrrolidine in the low-energy (8-13 eV) region has been explored as part of a study of lone-pair ionization processes and an IP of 8.82 eV recorded for ionization from the N lone-pair. In A-methyl-3-pyrrolidinone the bands at 8.83, 9.53 and 12.24 eV have been assigned to ionization from the N lone-pair, the O lone-pair and the carbonyl 7r-system respectively. In 2-pyrrolidinone the first two bands are overlapped (at 9.53 and 9.76 eV), presumably a result of the amide resonance interaction, and on the basis of band appearance a reversed assignment to O lone-pair and N lone-pair ionization respectively has been proposed the 7rco ionization band is at 11.91 eV. Data are also available in the same paper for succinimide and its A-chloro and A-bromo derivatives (78MI30407). 

Dispersants at surfaces. As in the simple systems, bis-substituted polyisobutyleneamine succinimides (bis-PIBS) give less wear than mono-... 

In engine oil acid-base reactions with proton transfer, logKBH+A. > 103, occurs in systems, e.g., sulfuric acid + carbonate or sulfuric acid + phenate however, the majority of reactions belong to the group without proton transfer, logKB HA < 103, e.g., carboxylic acid + succinimide or phenol + succinimide. 

The difference is ascribed to the smaller micelle cavity of succinimides relative to sulfonates. Mixed micelles of naphthalene-sulfonate-succinimide show weaker solubilization capacity than that of individual additives. The solubilization of water in a micellar system is closely related to the micelle core (Fontana, 1968). Addition of water to this non-polar solution, as engine lubricating oil is, produces a new set of phenomena. For small amounts of water, the micellar aggregates show swelling by uptake of water. The highly bounded water in reversed micelles makes surfactants less effective. 

The mass spectra of quinones often give rise to M -(-1 and M -(- 2 ions by addition of hydrogen and this has been considered to be due to reaction with water on the surfaces of a hot inlet system (Aplin and Pike, 1966). Similar results, which were temperature- but not pressure-dependent, have been obtained with a direct inlet system (Ukai et al., 1967 Dean and Houghton, 1968 Oliver and Rashman, 1968). The mass spectra of vinylchlorins (Budzikiewicz and Drewes, 1968) and of s-tetrazines (Yates et al., 1968) all showed M-f2 ions, whilst the strongest peaks in the mass spectrum of N-bromosuccinimide were due to succinimide (Bentley and Johnstone, 1968b). 

Bundgaard. H. and Johansen. M., Prodrugs as drug delivery systems. XIX. Bioreversible de-rivatization of aromatic amines by formation of N-Mannich bases with succinimide, Im. J. Pharm.. 8, 183, 1981. 

Somfai et al. demonstrated that it is also possible to use A-sulphonyl groups (Somfai and Ahman 1992 Ahman and Somfai 1992 Weinreb 1997) using the same concept for the cyclization step developed by Speckamp with the allylsilanes (Esch et al. 1987). In this case, the starting product was the L-pyroglutamic acid, inside the succinimide (Esch et al. 1987), allowing the enantioselective synthesis of the (+)-anatoxin-a. The key step consisted of an intramolecular cyclization of an 7V-tosyl iminium ion, catalysed by a Lewis acid, TiCl, to set up the desired bicyclic ring system (Somfai and Ahman 1992). 

In a study focusing on the synthesis and reactions of 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyrroles, a preparation of the tricyclic ring-system 64 was accomplished by reduction of the succinimides 65, followed by cyclization of the intermediates 66. Moreover, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyrroles were demonstrated to undergo cyclization with aldehydes to provide 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridines <03T5265>. 

The effect of the incorporation of a succinimide (21) moiety into a peptide chain (another type of Cj -o- Nj. ring restriction) has been examined carefully (60, 61). The five-membered succinimide annular system is an intermediate in the repair of selective degradations of side-chain deamidated proteins. It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that L-Asu-Xxx- (Asu, a-aminosuccinyl) dipeptide sequences strongly favor the type-lT fS-tum, a behavior similar to that of the y-lactam modification discussed above. 

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