Succinic acid, Epoxy

A classic Btereochemical investigation by Kuhn and Ebel Sl involved hydration of dm- and, 3-epoxy succinic acid (epoxy -... 

Sodium toluene dispersion of, 55, 65 Sodium p-toluenesulfinate, 57, 103 Spiro[4 n] alkenones, 58, 62 Spiro[cyclopentane-l,l -indene] 55, 94 Squalene, 56, 116 Squalene, 2,3-epoxy, 56, 116 Stannic chloride, 56, 97 Steroids synthesis, 58, 85 E Stilbene, 55, 115,58, 73 z-Stilbene, 58, 133 Styrene, 56, 35,58, 43 Styrene glycol, 55, 116 Styrene glycol dimesylate, 55, 116 Succinic acid, 58, 85 Succinic anhydride, 58, 85 Sucunimide, 56, 50, 58, 126 Succimmide, Vbromo, 55, 28, 56, 49 SULFIDE CONTRACTION, 55, 127 Sulfide, dimethyl-, 56, 37 SULFIDE SYNTHESIS, 58, 143,58, 138 SULFIDE SYNTHESIS ALKYL ARYL SULFIDES, 58, 143 SULFIDE SYNTHFSIS DIALKYL SULFIDES, 58, 143 SULFIDE SYNTHESIS UNSYMMETRI-CAL DIALKYL DISULFIDES, 58, 147 SULFONYL CYANIDES, 57, 88 Sulfur tetrafluoride, 57, 51... 

Keywords epoxide, tra/rs-epoxy succinic acid, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, alcohol... 

Levulinic acid can be converted by known processes to the solvents, tetrahydrofuran and 2-methylfuran, to succinic acid, to 5-aminolevulinic acid for weed control (see Chap. 11) and to diphenolic acid. Diphenolic acid may be useful in waterborne epoxy coatings and other resins. If a suitable acid catalyst that can be left in the resin can be found, it may be possible to convert diphenolic acid, by self-acylation, to an analogue of phenol-formaldehyde resins, thus eliminating the use of the carcinogenic... 

Acceleration of epoxy cures by carboxylic acids is frequently accomplished by addition of a base catalyst. Cure of epoxy resins by polymeric fatty acids (molecular weight 500-900) has been accelerated by the formation of fatty acid/melamine soaps (53). DGEBA-resin-based adhesives have also been cured with piperazine/polycarboxylic acid (e.g., succinic acid) salts (54). These adhesives showed rapid heat cures (23 min at 120°C) and good room temperature latency (shelf life of 60-65 days). The rate of cure in these adhesives was faster than comparable adhesives having dicy... 

The dialkyl succinates are good plasticizers for vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers and for cellulose derivatives. SA is also used in the manufacture of alkyd resin to impart flexibility, elasticity, and water resistance. " In addition, it finds numerous applications in the field of adhesives, elastomers, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and epoxy and other resins. Succinic acid is also used as a food acidulant and has been placed on the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list by the FDA. ... 

As a rule, thermo-cured epoxy resins are more resistant than cold-cured resins. The curing systems used can also influence weathering resistance in epoxy resins hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride > boron trifluoride and monoethylamine > m-phenylene diamine > triethylene tetramine > diethylene triamine > dodecyl succinic acid anhydride > diamino diphenyl sulfone [32]. 

Groups of reportedly photochromic systems which deserve further study include (a) disulfoxides (123,124), (b) hydrazones (125-129), (c) osazones (130-133), (d ) semicarbazones (134-143), (e) stilbene derivatives (144), (/) succinic anhydrides (145-148), and (g) various dyes (149,150). A number of individual compounds also remain unclassified as to their mechanism of photochromic activity. These include o-nitro-benzylidine isonicotinic acid hydrazide (151), 2,3-epoxy-2-ethyl-3-phenyl-1-indanone (152), p-diethyl- and p-dimethyl-aminophenyli-minocamphor (153), brucine salts of bromo- and chloro-nitromethionic acid (154), diphenacyldiphenylmethane (155,156), 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4,-dihydropyridine (155,156), 2,4,4,6-3,5-dibenzoyltetrahydropyran (155,156), o-nitrobenzylidenedesoxybenzoin (157), p-nitrobenzylidene-desoxybenzoin (157), N-(3-pyridyl)sydnone (158,159), tetrabenzoyl-ethylene (160), and the oxidation product of 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole (161,162). 

In the context of this chapter, the use of thermoplastic starch in blends with thermoplastic resins is of the main interest. As shown in Table 16.11, several blends have been developed, e.g., with vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVAl), polyolefins, aliphatic polyesters such as poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) and its copolymers, or polymers of glycols (e.g., 1,4-butanediol) with succinic, sebacic, adipic, azelaic, decanoic or brassihc acids, PCL + PVC. Compatibilization is possible by amylose/EVAl V-type complexes, starch grafted polyesters, chain extenders like diisocyanates, epoxies, etc. [Bastioli et al., 1992, 1993]. 

Dodecyl succinic anhydride Catalyst for epoxy-resin systems 0.5% Acetic acid 21668-03-1 C16H30O4... 

Dicarboxylic acid anhydrides. A soln. of c/5-epoxysuccinic acid in trifluoroacetic anhydride allowed to stand overnight at 22°, then evaporated cw-epoxy-succinic anhydride. Y 85%. Also from the disodium salt s. G. G. Allan and A. N. Neogi, Chem. Ind. 1971, 545. 

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