Subsurface-drainage

Conservation tillage increased atra2ine and metolachlor surface mnoff by 42% and decreased tile discharge by 15% compared with conventional tillage, but total field mnoff was the same from all treatments (53). Runoff events shordy after herbicide appHcation produced the greatest herbicide concentrations and losses in both surface mnoff and subsurface drainage. 

Figure 8. The use of subsurface drainage to contain a ieachate piume (U.S. EPA, 1985).

CH2M Hill installed a complex irrigation and subsurface drainage system for highly saline metallurgic processing effluent at OREMET Titanium in Albany, Oregon. The cost of the study... 

Zucker LA, Brown LC (1998) Agricultural drainage—water quality impacts and subsurface drainage studies in the Midwest. Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 871. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH p 40... 

In most field-leaching studies, which are typically limited to depths <2m, triazines are retained and degraded in the top 50 cm of surface soil. Amounts of triazines detected in subsurface drainage water are typically low - about... 

In Indiana, small amounts of atrazine were detected in subsurface drain flow within 3 weeks of application - after less than 2-cm net subsurface drain flow from a poorly structured silt loam soil with low organic matter (Kladivko et al., 1991). The rapid appearance of atrazine indicated the possibility of preferential flow. Atrazine, DEA, and DIA were also found in subsurface drainage water in Iowa the order of concentration was atrazine > DEA > DIA (Jayachandran et al., 1994). Levels of triazines in subsurface drains ranged from 0.1 to 29 ig/L, with concentrations declining with time (Milburn et al., 1995). A spill on one of these plots, followed by 71 mm of rainfall within a few days, resulted in subsurface drain concentrations of 150 i,g/L. This concentration decreased to <3.0 i,g/L within 6 days of the initiation of subsurface drain flow. Atrazine has also been found in subsurface drainage in a clay soil with an average concentration of 0.4 a,g/L for 24-30 months after the last application (Buhler et al., 1993). 

Jayachandran, K., T.R. Steinheimer, L. Somasundaram, T.B. Moorman, R.S. Kanwar, and J.R. Coats (1994). Occurrence of atrazine and degradates as contaminants of subsurface drainage and shallow groundwater. J. Environ. Qual., 23 311-319. 

Southwick, L.M., G.H. Willis, R.L. Bengston, and T.J. Lormand (1990a). Effect of subsurface drainage on runoff losses of atrazine and metolachlor in southern Louisiana. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 45 113-119. 

Boyd, P.M., J.L. Baker, S.K. Mickelson, and S.I. Ahmed (2003). Pesticide transport with surface runoff and subsurface drainage through a vegetative filter strip. Tram. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 46(3) 675-684. 

MSEA (1998). Agricultural Drainage Water Quality Impacts and Subsurface Drainage Studies in the Midwest. Management Systems Evaluation Area. Ohio State University Extension. Bulletin 871, 40 pp. 

Figure 14 Schematic diagram of a mine-waste impoundment with a combined remediation approach, including a cover to prevent O2 and water ingress, in situ mixing to geochemically stabilize waste, permeable reactive barrier in aquifer to treat subsurface drainage, and wetland for surface treatment of drainage.

Quinlan, J.F. and Ewers, R.O., 1989, Subsurface drainage in the Mammoth Cave Area, Chap. 3 in Karst Hydrology - Concepts from the Mammoth Cave Area, W.B. White and E.L. White, eds.. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 65-103. 

Surface waters can receive selenium from the atmosphere by dry and wet deposition, from adjoining waters that may contain selenium, from surface runoff, and from subsurface drainage. Sewage treatment plants are another source of selenium releases to water. Effluents from sewage treatment plants and oil refineries appear to be the major sources of selenium in the San Francisco estuarine system (Cutter 1989). In a study of direct discharges from oil refineries in San Francisco Bay, the average selenium concentration in the effluent was 0.067 mg/L with a range of 0.0066-0.156 mg/L (Barceloux 1999 ... 

CRWQCB. 1988. Water and sediment quality in evaporation basins used for the disposal of agricultural subsurface drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Sacramento, CA ... 

In addition to the classification of properties in Table I, the site can be characterized further as in Table II. Surface or subsurface drainage systems, if present, would be important additional descriptions. 

Surface and subsurface drainage below the plant flows into Spring Creek, a stream known for its fine trout fishing, scenic beauty, and the location of Benner Springs Fish Research Station, operated by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Figure 1). Water samples in this stream near the source of contamination have been found to contain 20 to 90 ng/kg (ppt) of the marker compound during the past 10 years Q) ... 

The main source of replenishment of thermal water store is cold underground waters of unconfined alluvial water-bearing level formed by means of atmospheric precipitation and the Paratoonka river. The river s structure creates favorable conditions for the accumulation of considerable reserves of underground waters, because the surface run-off, deep one, and subsurface drainage are directed from flanges towards depression. 

Pathways (overland flow, interflow, tile drainage, subsurface drainage) re-sorption, degradation (e.g. enzymatic hydrolysis). 

Grant, R., Laubel, A., Kronvang, B., Anderson, H.E., Svendsen, L.M. and Fugslang, A. (1 996) Loss of dissolved and particulate phosphorus from arable catchments by subsurface drainage. Water Research 30, 2633-2642. 

In grade control and drainage applications, considering their sizes and aesthetics, scrap tires are most suitable for small-scale projects on small streams and in small towns and communities. They include overfalls, low water stream crossings, subsurface drainage, storm-water runoff drainage, and roadway cross drainage. 

MaUela J, Titus-Glover L, Darter MI (2000) Considerations for providing subsurface drainage in jointed concrete pavements. Transp Res Rec 1709 1... 

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