Drainage applications

Giroud et al. (2004) considered a landhll leachate collection system of a GCD overlaid by a sand layer. If the GCD does not have sufficient transmissivity to convey all of the collected leachate, a part of the leachate will flow into the sand layer. Define 

Therefore, with known q], L, p, d, k2, and q, the required thickness of the sand layer (fmax h) can be evaluated. 

Strip- or sheet-type GCD materials have been used in practice to accelerate the consolidation of embankments with fine-grained backfills (Nagahara et al., 2004 Chai and Nguyen, 2013) and the self-weight and vacuum pressure-induced consolidation of dredged fine-grained soils (Shisha et al., 2013). 

For a continuous drainage sheet, the plain strain unit cell consohdation theory (Hird et al., 1992 Chai and Miura, 2002) can be used to calculate the value of U (Eqs. [13.9-13.11])  

When using strip-type GCDs, and if the vertical and horizontal spacings and 5h (Fig. 13.18) are about the same, the zone influenced by each strip drain can be approximated as a cylinder with a radius of r. The value of is calculated as (Eq. [13.12])  

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ISO 23711 2003 Elastomeric seals - Requirements for materials for pipe joint seals used in water and drainage applications - Thermoplastic elastomers ISO 14910-1 1997 Plastics - Thermoplastic polyester/ester and polyether/ester elastomers for moulding and extrusion - Part 1 Designation system and basis for specifications ISO 14910-2 1997 Plastics - Thermoplastic polyester/ester and polyether/ester elastomers for moulding and extrusion - Part 2 Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties... 

In grade control and drainage applications, considering their sizes and aesthetics, scrap tires are most suitable for small-scale projects on small streams and in small towns and communities. They include overfalls, low water stream crossings, subsurface drainage, storm-water runoff drainage, and roadway cross drainage. 

EN 681 Part 1 Elastomeric seals - materials requirements for pipe joint seals used in water and drainage applications - vulcanised rubber. 

Thus for separation, filtration, and drainage applications the cross-plane and in-plane permeability values obtained by index testing would be moderated according to ... 

Figure 5.5 Examples of filtration, erosion control and drainage applications...

Standard and special design manholes and access holes are available in both thermoplastic and thermosetting materials for sewerage and drainage applications. ASTM D 3753, Specification for Glass Fiber Reinforced Manholes, is, to date, the only adopted standard for such products. 

Polyvinyl Chloride, Type 1, Grade i 2 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride t For drainage application only... 

Marks, B.D., 1975. The Behavior of Aggregate and Fabric Filters in Sub-drainage Applications. Univ. Tennessee Report. 

The last area of standardization in which the committee started to work was the development of standard specifications for the various GS materials. Although there was an initial resistance to move into this area, it was realized that to complete the loop in standards development, this was a necessary step. Examples of specifications developed thus far include a circular-knit GT for use in subsurface drainage applications, GCs for pavement edge drains and other high-flow apphcations, prefabricated bituminous GMs used as canal and ditch liners, nonreinforced PVC GM seams, non-reinforced PVC GMs used in buried applications, GS alternate daily covers, and rigid cellular polystyrene geofoam. 

It is a necessary property in drainage applications. In fact, drainage refers to an in-plane flow of water. In this regard, drainage is different from filtration, which refers to the flow of water in the cross-plane direction. 

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