Subluxation

Bone Fractures. A dislocation occurs when sudden pressure or force pulls a bone out of its socket at the joint. This is also known as subluxation. Bone fractures are classified into two categories simple fractures and compound, complex, or open fractures. In the latter the skin is pierced and the flesh and bone are exposed to infection. A bone fracture begins to heal nearly as soon as it occurs. Therefore, it is important for a bone fracture to be set accurately as soon as possible. 

Joint deformity may be present in the later stages as a result of subluxation, collapse of subchondral bone, formation of bone cysts, or bony overgrowths. 

Chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue lining the joint capsule results in tissue proliferation (pannus formation). Pannus invades cartilage and eventually the bone surface, producing erosions of bone and cartilage and leading to joint destruction. The end results may be loss of joint space, loss of joint motion, bony fusion (ankylosis), joint subluxation, tendon contractures, and chronic deformity. 

On examination, joint swelling may be visible or may be apparent only by palpation. The tissue feels soft and spongy and may appear erythematous and warm, especially early in the course of the disease. Chronic joint deformities commonly involve subluxations of the wrists, metacarpophalangeal joints, and proximal interphalangeal joints (swan-neck deformity, boutonniere deformity, ulnar deviation). 

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency in rheumatoid atlanto-axial subluxation a case report with angiographic demonstration of left vertebral artery occlusion. Journal of Neurology 235 189-190... 

Spasticity, muscle contractures, painful shoulder and other joints of a paralyzed limb, malalignment or subluxation of the shoulder, falls and fractures can all potentially be avoided by good nursing and physiotherapy. Osteoporosis in a paralyzed Umb presumably increases the risk of fractures but may be unavoidable (Sato et al. 1998). 

Joint deformity may be present in the later stages as a result of subluxation, collapse of subchondral bone, formation of bone cysts, or bony overgrowths. Physical examination of the affected joints reveals tenderness, crepitus, and possible joint enlargement. Heberden s and Bouchard s nodes are bony enlargements (osteophytes) of the DIP and PIP joints, respectively. 

Iris-supported intraocular lens Subluxated crystalline lens Subluxated intraocular lens... 

Panton RW, Sulewski ME, Parker JS, et al. Surgical management of subluxed posterior-chamber intraocular lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1993 111 919-926. 

Rollins L. Repositioning of subluxated intraocular lenses. South J Optom 1993 11 19-20. 

Keywords Alkylosing spondylitis Crohn s disease HLA B27 Keratinocytes Molecular mi mi cry Sjogren s syndrome Subluxation Thalidomide... 

Naranjo A, Cannona L, Gavrila D, Balsa A, Belmonte MA, Terra X, Rodriguez-Lozano C, Sanmar ti R, Gonzalez-Alvaro I EMECAR Study Group (2004) Prevalerrce and associated factors of anterior atlarrtoaxial subluxation irr a rration wide sample of rheumatoid ar tlrritis patients. CHn Exp Rlreumatol 22 427 32. 

The end results of the chronic inflammatory changes are variable. Loss of cartilage may result in a loss of the joint space. The formation of chronic granulation or scar tissue can lead to loss of joint motion or bony fusion (called ankylosis). Laxity of tendon structures can result in a loss of support to the affected joint, leading to instabihty or subluxation. Tendon contractures also may occur, leading to chronic deformity. ... 

Involvement of the hands and wrists is common in rheumatoid arthritis. Hand involvement is manifested by pain, swelling, tenderness, and grip weakness during the acute phase, and by subluxation, instability, deformity, and muscle atrophy in the chronic phase of the disease. Functional difficulties with clasp, grasp, and pinch alter both strength and fine motor movement. 

American Academy of Physician Assistants antibiotic acquired pseudomembranous colitis active assistive range of motion atlanto axis subluxation adeno-associatcd virus accumulated alveolar ventilatory volume abortion antibody apnea and bradycardia... 

Figure 3, Typical appearance of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis and a candidate for reconstruction by implant resection arthroplasty. Ulnar deviation and subluxation in the metatarsophalangeal joints, and deformity of the thumb are evident.

Congenita Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens, [nih] Conjugated Acting or operating as if joined simultaneous. [EU]... 

Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a progressive condition that affects the bones and joints of the foot. It is characterised by joint dislocation, subluxation and pathological fractures of the foot in neuropathic patients resulting in debihtating deformity [42]. The incidence of CN is reported to be around 0.1-0.5. Although diabetes is the most common cause in the Western World CN can occur in other diseases associated with peripheral neuropathy. There is no sex predilection and it can occur at any age but is more commonly seen in the fourth or fifth decades of fife and in patients with a long duration of diabetes [42]. 

Misawa, A., Shimada, Y., Matsunaga, T, Aizawa, T, Hatakeyama, K., Chida, S., Sato, M., Davis, R., Zilberman, Y, Cosendai, G., and Ripley, A.M. The use of the RF BION device to treat pain due to shoulder subluxation in chronic hemiplegic stroke patient — a case report. Proceedings ofthelFESS Conference (United Kingdom, 2004). 

Rover (1995) offers suggestions as to courses of action in dealing with sunken lens nuclei during phacoemulsification Toczolowski (1987) proposes means of elevating subluxated lenses and Apple and co-workers (1989) describe lOL exchange with viscoelastic use. 

Thomsen M, Simonsen AH, Andreassen TT. Comparison of sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose in extracapsular cataract extraction. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1987 65 400-405 Toczolowski JR. The use of sodium hyaluronate (Hyalcon) for the removal of severely subluxated lenses. Ophthalmic Surg 1987 18 214-216... 

Patients with chronic lateral ankle injuries and functional instability can have various problems that can cause confusion reaching a specific diagnosis. Although uncommon, PTD is one cause of lateral ankle dysfunction. PTD may include fissures, fraying, partial thickness tears, full thickness tears, subluxation, or complete... 

Porter D, McCarroll J, Knapp E, Torma J. Peroneal tendon subluxation in athletes fibular groove deepening and retinacular reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 2005 26(6) 436-41. 

When an ACL is ruptured, the axis of rotation shifts more medially and the tibial rotation causes a coupled anterior tibial translation, magnifying the movements of the tibial plateau. The primary insult is thus to the lateral compartment, mainly the posterior aspect, and injury to the medial compartment occurs secondarily. The lateral compartment is most frequently injured mainly because it can sublux more easily. 

Joint compressive force equivalent to body weight results in increases in ACL strain [3, 7] and ACL force [13], because anterior force is generated in association with joint compressive force due to the posteroinferior slope of the tibial plateau [11]. As a result, the neutral position of the tibia shifted anteriorly in response to joint compressive loading [7, 31]. Therefore, the anterior laxity, defined as a translation of the knee from the neutral position in response to an externally applied anterior force, decreases under the application of compressive loading. It is reported that anterior tibial subluxation of ACL-deficient knees is more significant in lateral side than in medial side in response to weight bearing [18]. 

The pivot shift test is repeated 2 to 3 times preoperatively. Subluxation and reduction of the tibia occur during pivot shift test (x-axis, knee flexion angles in degree y-axis, A-P translation and rotation of the tibia in relation to the femur). Pivot shift phenomentm does not occur after ACL... 

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