SUBJECTS earthquakes

The intensity of an eailhquake is a subjective assessment of its effects on the primary systems and inhabitants in surrounding areas and is measured on the Mercalli scale. As noted above, this decreases with distance from the epicentre while the magnitude remains the same. For details refer to DD ENV 1998. Generally, the magnitude and intensity of an earthquake at a location are interrelated. 

Any of the three RS is adequate to derive a time history of an earthquake to simulate test conditions in a laboratory. This, however, being a complex subject, assistance must be obtained from experts in the field for constructing an RS for laboratory testing, preparing... 

Small or moderate thickness of soil Where there is some soil, ground displacement will be greater and seismic waves will pass through the soil. There may be some settlement of the structure due to soil compaction. While the structure will now be less subject to seismic forces, this may prove to be a worse case, as in addition to the structure being subject to almost the full intensity of the earthquake, there may also be settlement of the soil, which may result in settlement of the structure and cause it to collapse or develop cracks. 

This chapter overviews the techniques for incorporating external events into a PSA. The discussion was primarily aimed at nuclear power plants but is equally applicable to chemical process plants. The types of external events discussed were earthquakes, fires and floods. Notably absent were severe winds and tornados. Tornados are analyzed as missiles impacting the structures and causing common-cause failures of systems (EPRINP-768). Missile propagation and the resulting damage is a specialized subject usually solved with computer codes. 

Humans inside collapsing buildings are subjected to the impact of very heavy stmctural parts. Pictures taken after earthquakes or bomb attacks reveal that vertical members usually fail, leaving a stack of floors on top of another. Although a... 

When this house was to be removed to provide a different scene (a main attraction for two decades), it had suffered almost no change in deflection. It was estimated to have been subjected to winds, earthquakes, subjected to families using it to the equivalent of centuries based on all the people that passed through it, etc. Destruction by conventional techniques (wrecking ball, etc.) was impossible without first cutting sections, etc. 

The loads to which a vessel may be subjected will not all occur at the same time. For example, it is the usual practice to assume that the maximum wind load will not occur simultaneously with a major earthquake. 

The term (ae/g) is called the seismic constant Ce, and is a function of the natural period of vibration of the vessel and the severity of the earthquake. Values of the seismic constant have been determined empirically from studies of the damage caused by earthquakes, and are available for those geographical locations which are subject to earthquake activity. Values for sites in the United States, and procedures for determining the stresses induced in tall columns are given by Megyesy (2001), Escoe (1994) and Moss (2003). 

Adverse climatic conditions at a site will increase costs. Abnormally low temperatures will require the provision of additional insulation and special heating for equipment and pipe runs. Stronger structures will be needed at locations subject to high winds (cyclone/hurricane areas) or earthquakes. 

Even the nodules growing at the fastest rates ought to be buried but are not. Several theories have been advanced to explain how the nodules maintain their position on the sediment surface. For example, earthquakes could rock the nodules frequently enough to keep their tops clear of sediment. Bottom currents could be strong enough to sweep the nodules free of sediment. This explanation is supported by the presence of Fe-Mn nodule pavements in areas subject to fast bottom currents. 

After the Athens earthquake in 1981 there was a marked increase in deaths due to heart attacks over a period of five days after the quake on the day of the earthquake in Los Angeles, there was an increase in heart attacks. In the first few days after the Iraqi missile attacks on Israel in 1991, there was a sharp increase in heart attacks in Israel compared with control periods. The psychological stress caused by these sudden disasters could have raised the blood fatty acid levels above the safe level in some subjects which could have increased the risk of a heart attack. 

The use of salivary assessments has helped supply data in studies of children and adolescents, for whom even a blood draw may be too invasive, and also helped in our evaluation of longitudinal outcomes. King et al. (2001) observed significantly low cortisol levels in children aged 5-7 years who had been sexually abused compared to control subjects. Goenjian et al. (1996) demonstrated a relationship between low sahvary cortisol levels and PTSD symptoms in adolescents exposed to the Armenian earthquake. However, both lipschitz et al. (2003) and Carrion et al. (2002) failed to note differences in salivary cortisol levels at basehne in multiply traumatized adolescents. 

Based on what people said under hypnosis, Wambach came to believe that 95 percent of the Earth s population would be wiped out within a few generations. Concerned, Wambach asked one of her students to progress to a specific date in the late 1990s, but had to rapidly bring the woman out of hypnotic trance after the woman found herself choking to death on a big, black cloud. Wambach s subjects told of a future that included severe earthquakes, anew U.S. currency, severe weather patterns, financial crises, bank failures, an increase in volcanic activity, the death of a large number of people, and a European nuclear explosion killing many people. 

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