Subject temperature factor

Products that are subjected to a load have to be analyzed carefully with respect to the type and duration of the load, the temperature conditions under which the load will be active, and the stress created by the load. A load can be defined as continuous when it remains constant for a period of 2 to 6 hours, whereas an intermittent load could be considered of up to two hours duration and is followed by an equal time for stress recovery. The temperature factor requires greater attention than would be the case with metals. The useful range of temperatures for plastic applications is relatively low and is of a magnitude that in metals is viewed as negligible. 

The sample subjected to factor changing its original content such as extended transportation time, incubated at high temperature, or improper handling... 

Fig. 2. The structure of CuCN NHj (Cromer, Larson and Roof, 1965). The relative positions of N and C are subject to some uncertainty however, reasonable temperature factors were obtained only for the case shown.

Since the intensities of the standards were observed to diminish (finally to 85% of their original values) in a regular and nearly isotropic manner, the data were scaled linearly between each pair of standards. Associated with this decrease we also noted a decrease in the parameters b and y (which were in the end reduced by 0.02 A and 0.21 from their initial values). Broadening of the scans of file standards from 0.10 to 0.35 was also observed. The positions of the heavy atoms were determined from a three-dimensional Patterson synthesis. These positions were subjected to least-squares refinement as xenon atoms, after which it was possible to separate the antimony atoms by exploiting temperature factor differences. The positions were then further refined. A difference Fourier revealed positions for 12 of the 14 fluorine atoms. Least-.squares refinement of these positions was followed by another difference Fourier which revealed the positions of the final two fluorine atoms. Refinement of all these positions, with anisotropic temperature factors, resulted in a conventional/ factor of 0.06. Wei ting sch es were as previously described. ... 

However, no correction for decomposition was applied to the data since recollection of a small number of intensity data well-dispersed in reciprocal space indicated that decomposition was not isotropic, and hence a simple correction could not be made (14 ). Further, even more complex forms of decomposition corrections could not explain the observed intensity changes. It thus seemed best to allow this systematic error to remain in the data, rather than to introduce additional errors. In this crystal the maximum decay was small but nevertheless significant however, there were no unusual features in either the final electron density difference map or the thermal parameters (see Tables I and III). During exposure to x-rays it was noted that the crystal became gradually darker, changing from an initially colorless prism to yellow, brown, and finally a deep brown-black. While this particular crystal was not subjected to further analysis, other crystals of this material behaved similarly under x-, 7- or UV irradiation. Product isolation was carried out as described below. Details of the structure analysis, in outline form, are given in Table I. Atomic coordinates appear in Table II, while temperature factors appear in Table III. 

Engineering polymers comprise a special, high-performance segment of synthetic plastic materials that offer premium properties. When properly formulated, they may be shaped into mechanically functional, semiprecision parts or structural components. The term "mechanically functional" implies that the parts will continue to function even if they are subjected to factors such as mechanical stress, impact, flexure, vibration, sliding friction, temperature extremes, and hostile environments. 

The theory that a reduction in particle size to the nanorange could yield innumerable benefits has been discussed by Takeuchi et al. [76], They stated that whereas the MFFT was key in the formation of a clear, constant film, this temperature was subject to factors such as the glass transition temperature of the polymer, the particle morphology, water content, excipients such as plasticizer, and importantly particle size. By using nanosuspension of enteric polymers, an enhanced coalescence should occur partly due to the large increase in surface area and consequent increase in surface energy. 

A concept of power supply can always be made on the basis of an efficient description of a battery s application. However, to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements, it is advisable to plan the battery dimensions based on principles which may be described as optimizing temperature factors. This method departs from the premise that any battery, which is not subject to impermissible heating under prescribed load, is bound to exhibit the necessary efficiency and service life, i.e. to have the desired operating reliability. The temperature of the electrolyte would ideally display a constant value, merely being dependent on the ambient temperature in the driverless industrial truck, which is itself only subject to minor fluctuations. The temperature of the electrolyte would in this way be directly related to normal ambient temperature. If this were to fall drastically in winter, additional measures would of course have to be taken to raise the temperature of the electrolyte. 

For polymer chains in a crystal lattice, however, acoustic vibrations of polymer chains are subject to interchain interactions, yielding the crystal vibrations of the acoustic and optical branches. Accordingly, for vibrational analyses of neutron-scattering spedra in the low-frequency region, it is required to treat the normal vibrations of the crystal, on the basis of the interchain force field as well as the intrachain force field. Treatments of crystal vibrations are also necessary for the theoretical study of specific heat, zero-point energy and temperature factor of x-ray diffraction. 

The component C in the separated extract from the stage contact shown in Eigure 1 may be separated from the solvent B by distillation (qv), evaporation (qv), or other means, allowing solvent B to be reused for further extraction. Alternatively, the extract can be subjected to back-extraction (stripping) with solvent A under different conditions, eg, a different temperature again, the stripped solvent B can be reused for further extraction. Solvent recovery (qv) is an important factor in the economics of industrial extraction processes. 

The effect of temperature, pressure, and oil composition on oil recovery efficiency have all been the subjects of intensive study (241). Surfactant propagation is a critical factor in determining the EOR process economics (242). Surfactant retention owing to partitioning into residual cmde oil can be significant compared to adsorption and reduce surfactant propagation rate appreciably (243). 

Catalyst Effectiveness. Even at steady-state, isothermal conditions, consideration must be given to the possible loss in catalyst activity resulting from gradients. The loss is usually calculated based on the effectiveness factor, which is the diffusion-limited reaction rate within catalyst pores divided by the reaction rate at catalyst surface conditions (50). The effectiveness factor E, in turn, is related to the Thiele modulus,

first-order rate constant, a the internal surface area, and the effective diffusivity. It is desirable for E to be as close as possible to its maximum value of unity. Various formulas have been developed for E, which are particularly usehil for analyzing reactors that are potentially subject to thermal instabilities, such as hot spots and temperature mnaways (1,48,51). 

Comfort. In the past, the evaluation of fabric or garment comfort has been a subjective process influenced by such variables as temperature, insulating efficiency, moisture absorption, drying speed, softness, bulk, fabric constmction, and air permeability. Human factors must also be considered. 

Ground turbine fuels are not subject to the constraints of an aircraft operating at reduced pressures of altitude. The temperature of fuel in ground tanks varies over a limited range, eg, 10—30°C, and the vapor pressure is defined by a safety-handling factor such as flash point temperature. Volatile fuels such as naphtha (No. 0-GT) are normally stored in a ground tank equipped with a vapor recovery system to minimise losses and meet local air quaUty codes on hydrocarbons. 

The molecular absoi ption spectra, registered at a lower temperature (e.g. 700 °C for iodide or chloride of potassium or sodium), enable one to find the absorbance ratio for any pair of wavelengths in the measurement range. These ratios can be used as a correction factor for analytical signal in atomic absoi ption analysis (at atomization temperatures above 2000 °C). The proposed method was tested by determination of beforehand known silicon and iron content in potassium chloride and sodium iodide respectively. The results ai e subject to random error only. 

Another factor in this reaction sequence is also subject to external modification, namely, moderation of the basic oceanic dissolution of CO2 through temperature dependence of its solubility, S. The latter is defined as ... 

In order to ensure the destruction of pathogens, the process of chlorination must achieve certain control of at least one factor and, preferably two, to compensate for fluctuations that occur. For this reason, some authorities on the subject stress the fact that the type and concentration of the chlorine residual must be controlled to ensure adequate disinfection. Only this way, they claim, can chlorination adequately take into account variations in temperature, pH, chlorine demand and types of organisms in the water. While possible to increase minimum contact times, it is difficult to do so. Five to ten minutes is normally all the time available with the type of pressure systems normally used for small water supplies. Many experts feel that satisfactory chlorine residual alone can provide adequate control for disinfection. In their opinion, superchlorination-dechlorination does the best job. Briefly, what is this technique and how does it operate ... 

From this relatively simple test, therefore, it is possible to obtain complete flow data on the material as shown in Fig. 5.3. Note that shear rates similar to those experienced in processing equipment can be achieved. Variations in melt temperature and hypostatic pressure also have an effect on the shear and tensile viscosities of the melt. An increase in temperature causes a decrease in viscosity and an increase in hydrostatic pressure causes an increase in viscosity. Topically, for low density polyethlyene an increase in temperature of 40°C causes a vertical shift of the viscosity curve by a factor of about 3. Since the plastic will be subjected to a temperature rise when it is forced through the die, it is usually worthwhile to check (by means of Equation 5.64) whether or not this is signiflcant. Fig. 5.2 shows the effect of temperature on the viscosity of polypropylene. 

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