Subject sodium hydroxide treatment

Polyamide and polyester fibres are generally scoured using an alkyl poly(oxyethylene) sulphate and sodium carbonate. Some polyester qualities are subjected to a causticisation treatment with sodium hydroxide in the presence of a cationic surfactant to give a lighter fabric with a silkier handle [154,156]. This treatment involves etching (localised saponification) of the polyester surface and is broadly analogous to the S-finish used on triacetate fibres. The process has attracted considerable interest in recent years but its... 

Note 5). The layers are separated (Note 6) the aqueous layer is returned to the separatory funnel and covered with 200 cc. of ether. After 100 cc. of 10 per cent sodium hydroxide has been added, the mixture is vigorously shaken, and then the aqueous layer is removed and extracted with another 200-cc. portion of ether. The two ether extractions, one with addition of sodium hydroxide and one without, are repeated. The second half of the bisulfite solution is subjected to the same treatment as the first half, and all the ether extracts are combined (Note 7) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ether is removed on the water bath, and the residual yellow-green oil is distilled under reduced pressure, yielding 120-130 g. (45-49 per cent of the theoretical amount, based upon 210 g. of pure citral) of pale yellow pseudoionone, boiling at 114-116°/2 mm. (124-126°/4 mm.). 

Bagasse of 40 mesh was also subjected to alkaline treatments with sodium hydroxide of 2 and 4% concentration and ammonium hydroxide of concentration 12.5 and 25% at a liquor ratio 20 1, at room temperature, for 24 hrs. The samples were washed thoroughly with distilled water and then treated with 10% acetic acid, rewashed with distilled water till acid free and finally left to dry at room temperature. 

The synthesis of this substance was also effected by F. Smith.2 Methyl 6-trityl-a-D-galactopyranoside, in acetone solution, was treated six times with dimethyl sulphate and sodium hydroxide solution. The imperfectly methylated material thus obtained was then subjected to two treatments with methyl iodide and silver oxide. The necessity for so many treatments with methylating reagents emphasizes the difficulty of etherifying a glycoside substituted by the trityl radical in position 6. Subsequent to removal of the trityl radical, the methyl 2,3,4-trimethyl-(33) J. S. D. Bacon, D. J. Bell and J. Lorber, J. Chem. Soc., 1147 (1940). 

The treatment of bleached kraft pulp with sodium borohydride followed by incorporation of basic calcium salts increased the stability of paper made from this pulp by 1.5-2.6 times. When manufactured paper, rather than pulp, was subjected to sodium borohydride treatment followed by washing with an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, the stability of the paper increased by as much as 4 times for groundwood paper and 30 times for bleached kraft paper. 

The effect of a reducing sodium borohydride treatment followed by a mildly alkaline wash on the physical properties and stability of paper was studied. Test papers were characterized by measuring their initial pH value, brightness, and folding endurance. Then they were subjected to borohydride treatment and washed with dilute calcium hydroxide solution or deionized water. The concentrations of sodium borohydride... 

A raw water containing 140 mg/L of dissolved solids is subjected to a coagulation treatment using Fe2(S04)3. For optimum coagulation, the pH should be raised to 8.2. The current acidity is 6.0(10 geq/L. After satisfaction of the existing acidity, the amount of base needed to raise the pH has been calculated to be 1.25(10 ) geq/L. Calculate the amount of sodium hydroxide needed. 

The properties of the membrane hydrolyzed with 10 % sodium hyroxide were measured, and a saturated sodium chloride solution was electrolyzed using this membrane. The results are given in Table I. For comparison, the sulfonyl chloride-type membrane was treated in n-butyl alcohol at 110 °C for 3 hours without introducing air. The treated membrane was subjected to hydrolysis treatment in a methanol solution containing 10 % of sodium hydroxide. Electric resistance of the membrane was 450 —cm, and the current efficiency could not be measured. 

An attempt was made to correct the copper corrosion problem by different types of fuel treatments (25). JP-5 samples were subjected to clay or silica gel filtration, or treatment with activated charcoal to remove the corrosive compounds. None of these treatments was successful. Samples were also treated with barium nitrate (to precipitate out sulfonates), sodium hydroxide (to extract mercaptans), and air bubbling to oxidize the corrosive compounds. These chemical treatments also were unsuccessful. However, JP-5 fuel (which failed the copper corrosion test) passed if benzotriazole, sometimes used to passivate copper surfaces, was added to the fuel in low concentrations (2 ppm) using FSII as a solvent. This technique is effective for reducing jet fuel attack on copper-nickel pipes used aboard aircraft carriers (26). 

Similarly, a recent patent combines aminolysis and hydrolysis reactions for achieving polyurethane decomposition.98 Thus, scrap polyurethane is reacted with a mixture of diethanolamine and aqueous sodium hydroxide. The simultaneous attack of these agents on the polymeric chains allows the reaction time to be appreciably shortened. The reaction product, obtained as an emulsion, is subjected to a second treatment with propylene oxide in order to transform the amines and ureas present in the mixture into polyols, giving a final product which is substantially free of any hydrogen-containing nitrogen atoms. The polyols produced have been found to be particularly suitable for the preparation of fresh polyurethane polymer which can be used as an elastomer or flexible foam. 

The syntheses of the fluoroquinolones were completed by subjecting the corresponding esters to basic hydrolysis. Treatment of 15a and 15b with 2N sodium hydroxide solution for two hours at reflux resulted in near quantitative yields of Norfloxacin (1) and the N-methylpiperazine derivative 16. ... 

Elemol (79) was subjected to ozonization at -78°C. The resulting ozonide on treatment with Me2S yielded hydroxyl ketone (80). Its acetate (81) was subjected to Lemieux-Johnson oxidation afforded acetate (82) which was cyclized to indenone (83) with methanolic sodium hydroxide solution. Its sodium enolate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide and t-BuOH was oxidized with oxygen in presence of triethylphosphite to obtain hydroxyl ketone (84). This on treatment with... 

Alkylation of the enolate of (138) with methallyliodide gave the product (149) whose stereochemistry was assigned on the basis of equilibration experiment. It was converted to the dione (150) by oxidation with osmium tetrooxide and sodiumperiodate. The aldol cyclization of (150) effected with sodium hydride and trace of t-amyl alcohol in refluxing benzene afforded the enone (151) in 88% yield. Normal protic conditions (sodium hydroxide, ethanol) were not effective in this transformation. All attempts for its conversion to aphidicolin (148) by intermolecular additions proved fruitless and therefore were turned to intramolecular methods. Molecular models show clearly that the top face of the carbonyl group is less hindered to nucleophilic attack than is the bottom face. Thus the reduction of (151) with lithium aluminium hydride afforded the alcohol (152) whose vinyl ether (153) was subjected to pyrolysis for 2 hr at 360 C in toluene solution containing a small amount of sodium t-pentoxide to obtain the aldehyde (154) in 69% yield. Reduction and then tosylation afforded the alcohol (155) and tosylate (156) respectively. Treatment of this tosylate with Collman s reagent [67] (a reaction that failed in the model system) afforded the already reported ketoacetonide (145) whose conversion to aphidicolin (148) has been described in "Fig (12)". 

Mesophilic (35 C) and thermophilic (55°C) digestion of feed subjected to mild alkaline (sodium hydroxide) pretreatment with recycling of spent caustic for fresh feed treatment and neutralization of treated feed with digester gas to minimize acid neutralizer requirement. 

Hypochlorite can be produced by the reaction of chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide solution. On-site generation of hypochlorite avoids storage and transport difficulties associated with chlorine gas, and is convenient for many applications, including sewage treatment, sterilisation of water, disinfection, biological growth prevention and enhanced oxidation of, for example, cyanide wastes. The electrochemical generation of hypochlorite has been the subject of several reviews (see [84]). 

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