Subject schizophrenia

An interesting correlation exists between ASD in children and psychiatric disorders in their parents,71 who are, for example, more likely to have been hospitalized for a mental disorder than parents of control subjects. Schizophrenia is more common among parents of autistic children than among parents of controls. Depression and personality disorders are more common among mothers of autistic children but not more common among their fathers. 

Phencyclidine (PCP), a dissociative anesthetic agent, which is subject to abuse, produces behavioral effects in man that frequently resemble schizophrenia (Luisada 1978). Manifestations of persistent psychopathology frequently remain after the acute effects of PCP have diminished. With PCP, subjects may display autistic and delusional thinking typical of schizophrenics (Luby et al. 1959). A more striking link between schizophrenia and PCP comes from observations of cases in which PCP was given to hospitalized schizophrenics (Luisada 1978). After receiving PCP, these patients showed extreme exacerbation of their psychoses the reaction persisted for up to 6 weeks. By contrast, LSD produced no more severe effects in schizophrenics than in normal subjects. 

Huang, Y., Liu, X. H., Xu, K. et al. (2002b). Association study of cytochrome P450 2D6 gene polymorphism and therapeutic response to risperidone in Chinese subjects with schizophrenia. Journal of Chinese Psychiatry, 35(2), 103-6. 

Awad, A.G. (1993). Subjective response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull., 19,... 

Voruganti, L. N. P. 8t Awad, A. G. (2002). Personal evaluation of transitions in treatment (PETiT) a scale to measure subjective aspects of antipsychotic drug therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 56, 37-46. 

The reduction in cortical volume observed in schizophrenia is substantially less than that found in the adult onset primary dementias such as Alzheimer s disease and Huntington s disease. A subject of controversy has been whether the reduction in cortical volume in schizophrenia... 

Controlled clinical investigations with careful titration of doses in normal subjects demonstrate that ketamine produces negative symptoms, such as withdrawal and the subtle cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia [25]. As is the case for schizophrenia, these symptoms occur without clouding of consciousness or frank dementia. Positive symptoms with auditory hallucinations and fully... 

Stark, A. K., Uylings, H. B., Sanz-Arigita, E. and Pakkenberg, B. Glial cell loss in the anterior cingulated cortex, a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, in subjects with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161 882-888, 2004. 

Theberge,J.,Al-Semaan,Y.,Williamson, P.C. etal. Glutamate and glutamine in the anterior cingulate and thalamus of medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects measured with 4.0-T proton MRS. Am. J. Psychiat. 160 2231-2233, 2003. 

Figs 109, 110), but this appeared to be due mainly to dysphoria, reduced activity and decreased motivation. This is a typical in normal subjects (in contrast to the therapeutic effect in schizophrenia). Some subjects made only token efforts after receiving these dopamine blocking drugs. 

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