Subject Scanning tunneling microscopy

It is not necessary to deal with these techniques in detail here, since there are several books and monographs on the subject. The fundamental theory and practice of electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods can be found in [1,2] and also in [3-5], where investigations of polymeric surface layers are emphasized. Excellent monographs on EQCM [6-9] and PBD [10] are also recommended for further studies. Infrared, Mdssbauer spectroscopy, ellipsometry, etc., are described in [I I], while electron spin resonance is discussed in [12], radiotracer in [13], scanning tunneling microscopy in [14], and scanning electrochemical microscopy in [15]. The fundamentals of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are treated in [1,2,16] however, the different models elaborated for electrochemically active films and membranes can be found in various papers (see later), while the most important methods for analyzing impedance spectra, as reported before 1994, are well summarized in [3]. Nevertheless, the essential elements of these techniques are briefly discussed here, in order to help the reader to understand the experimental material presented in this book. 

Photoisomerization of azobenzenes has been widely developed as photochromic compounds. Lots of papers sriU appeared in this subject from basic chemisty to applications. Some examples were described. Harada et al., reported the effect of cyclodextrin derivatives bearing photo-isomerized stilbene moiety. Single molecule conductance of E- and Z-4, 4 -(ethane-l,2-diyl)dibenzoic acids (E-l and Z-1) was determined using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The dynamics of photoisomerization of E- and Z-urocanic acids (E- and Z-2) driven by Hg-free... 

AFM) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) gave the excellent source of information about the mechanistic models which can be accepted in computer simulation. The comprehensive overview of the state of the art of researches on this subject was presented in the monograph Equilibria and Dynamics of Gas Adsorption on Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces [393]. The relevant states of the art articles were recently published by Ruthven [394], Nicholson [395] and Gubbins [396]. 

H. Sugawara, T. Hasegawa and K. Kitazawa, Characterization of cuprate superconductors using tunneling spectra and scanning tunneling microscopy 563 Author index 609 Subject index 677... 

Under appropriate conditions, the faradaic current may be used to form images of the electrochemical reactivity of a surface. This is known as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), where the transport and heterogeneous redox activity of species within the junction mediate the tip-substrate interaction. This subject has been thoroughly reviewed [43,44], and an excellent paper demonstrating the transition from STM to SECM is available [45]. The possible contribution of confined redox species to resonant tunneling has also been examined [19,46,47]. 

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