Subcutaneous drugs

Harrington K, Rowlinson-Busza G, Syrigos KN, Uster PS, Vile RG, Stewart JSW. Pegylated liposomes have potential as vehicles for intratumoral and subcutaneous drug delivery. Clin Cancer Res 2000 6 2528. 

Subcutaneous infusion - Treprostinil is administered subcutaneously by continuous infusion, via a self-inserted subcutaneous catheter, using an infusion pump designed for subcutaneous drug delivery. 

Meador KFI, Sharon Z, Lewis EJ. Renal amyloidosis and subcutaneous drug abuse. Ann Intern Med 1979 91 565-567. 

MANAGINGURINAFY RETEN TION. Voiding usually occurs in 5 to 15 minutes after subcutaneous drug administration and 30 to 90 minutes after oral administration. The nurse should place the call light and any other items die jiatient might need, such as the urinal or the bedpan, within easy reach. However, some patients are not able to reach or handle these aids easily, so the nurse must prompdy answer their call li t. 

Piezoelectric materials can be used for drug-delivery applications based on the same concept as discussed above for tissue-engineering applications. More precisely, these materials have been explored for the ibuprofen release (Salazar et al., 2015), for transdermal and subcutaneous drug dehvery (Ochoa et al., 2012), to release antimicrobial agent during the healing period (Boschin et al., 2006 Tabary et al., 2007), or for wound dressing (He et al., 2015). 

Three fungal infections - Madura feet (mycetoma), chromomycosis and sporotrichosis - fall into the category of subcutaneous mycoses, their distribution is mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. The ideal treatment for madura feet caused by fungi is not yet established the azoles are of some benefit, however, neither the optimal drug, dose, nor the treatment schedules are known. Chromomycosis responds well to ITRA monotherapy or the combination of 5FC plus ITRA. ITRA has been set up as standard therapy for cutaneous and lymphatic sporotrichosis. 

Intravenous administration of a drug produces the most rapid drug action. Next in order of time of action is the intramuscular route, followed by the subcutaneous route Giving a drug orally usually produces the slowest drug action. 

Parenteral drug administration means the giving of a drug by the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), or intradermal route (Fig. 2-5). Other routes of parenteral administration that may be used by the primary care provider are intralesional (into a lesion), intra-arterial (into an artery), intracardiac (into the heart), and intra-articular (into a joint), hi some instances, intra-arterial dragp are administered by a nurse. However, administration is not by direct arterial injection but by means of a catheter that has been placed in an artery. 

A subcutaneous (SC) injection places the drug into the tissues between the skin and the muscle (see Fig. 2-5B). Drug administered in this manner are absorbed more slowly than are intramuscular injections. Heparin and insulin are two drug most commonly given by the SC route... 

The nurse obtains the blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate 20 to 30 minutes after the drug is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, 30 or more minutes if the drug is given orally, and in 5 to 10 minutes if the drug is given intravenously (IV). 

The primary care provider prescribes 2.5 mg of betiianechol subcutaneously. The drug is available in a solution of 5 mg/mL. The nurse administers... 

Goserelin (Zoladex), a hormonal antineoplastic drug used to treat breast cancer, is administered subcutaneously in an unusual way. The drag is contained in a dry pellet that is implanted in the soft tissue of the abdomen, where it is gradually absorbed during a period of 1 to 3 months. After a local anesthetic, such as lido-caine, is administered, a large needle (usually 16 gauge) is used to insert the pellet. 

Obviously, if you wish to treat a skin condition or infection, a preparation that can be applied topically would be the preferred option. Similarly, inhalation would be the first choice if trying to treat a pulmonary or bronchial condition, such as asthma. Dermal application would also be the first choice for localized tissue treatments (e.g. muscle injury), provided that the drug can be absorbed through the skin. However, in most other situations it is necessary for drugs to enter the bloodstream in order for them to be transported to their site of action. This is most commonly achieved by ingestion, or by intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection when the oral route is not suitable. 

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

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