Stud steel strength

ASTM A449-10, Standard Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength, General Use, ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA. 

ASTM A307, Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 Tensile Strength... 

A 325—High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints, Including Suitable Nuts and Plain Hardened Washers A 354—Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts and Studs with Suitable Nuts A 449—Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts and Studs A 490—Quenched and Tempered Alloy Bolts for Structural Steel Joints A 574—Alloy Steel Socket-Head Cap Screws F 566—Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally Threaded Metric Fasteners... 

Blenkinsopp et al [1992] have shown that the efficacy of some biocides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on stainless steel studs, is increased by the application of a low strength electric field. Biocide concentrations lower than those necessary to kill planktonic cells were bactericidal within 24 h when applied within the electric field. It is possible that this discovery could have implications for industrial biofilm control in the future. 

In road pavements, high performance concrete with carefully selected aggregate and compressive strength up to 135 MPa exhibited a level of abrasion resistance from studded tyres similar to massive granite. According to laboratory tests, this concrete may last four times longer than traditional concrete of 55 MPa. The addition of a small amount of steel and polypropylene fibres improves crack control in elements reinforced with traditional steel bars, for example, in deep beams where steel fibres partly replace stir-... 

Headed studs are manufactured from low carbon steel in accordance with ASTM A108. They have a minimum yield strength of 50 ksi (345 MPa) and a minimum specified tensile strength of 60 ksi (414 MPa). 

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