Structures and Properties of Cellulose

Rogovin, Z. A., and U. Zhun-Zhui Structure and properties of cellulose and its esters. LXXXV. Synthesis of new derivatives of cellulose and other polysaccharides. IV. Synthesis of graft copolymers of carboxymethyl cellulose and caprolactam. Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya 1, 1630 (1959). 

This review deals with recent results on the structure and properties of cellulose graft copolymers depending on the structure of cellulose, its pretreatment and the conditions of grafting. Also discussed are polymer-analogous conversions involving grafted chains. 

J. A. Howsmon and W. A. Sisson. Ghap. 4B, Part I, Vol 5, High Polymers, Interscience, 1954, New York. Structure and properties of cellulose fibers. 

Influence of Polysaccharide Composition on the Structure and Properties of Cellulose-based Composites... 

The present volume comprises five review articles written especially for this series by leading authorities in the field. The first three adresses major structural characteristics of biodegradable polymers. Robert Lenz provides athorough review of biodegradable polymers. Jorge Heller offers a critical analysis of the structure, properties and medical applications of polyorthoesters, whereas Abraham Domb and his associates offer the same critical analysis of polyanhydrides. Eric Doelker discusses the structure and properties of cellulose derivatives. Finally Michael Sefton presents the use of polyacrylates for the microencapsulation of live animal cells. 

Chang, C. Lue, A. Zhang, L. Effects of crosslinking methods on structure and properties of cellulose/ PVA hydrogels. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2008, 209 (12), 1266-1273. 

Henriksson, M., and Berglund, L. A. (2007). Structure and properties of cellulose nanocomposite films containing melamine formaldehyde, LADDl.PoIvm.ScL 106(4), 2817-2824. 

Northolt, M.G., Boerstoel, H., Maatman, H. et al. (2001) The structure and properties of cellulose fibres spun from an anisotropic phosphoric acid solution. Polymer, 42, 8249-8264. 

Wu, J., Liang, S., Dai, H. et al. (2010) Structure and properties of cellulose/chitin blended hydrogel membranes fabricated via a solution pre-gelation technique. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79(3), 677-684. 

Chapter 5 summarizes the investigation of lignocellulosic flax fiber-based reinforcement requirements to obtain structural and complex shape polymer composites. This chapter discusses in detail the possibility of forming complex shape structural composites which are highly desirable for advanced applications. Chapter 7 focuses on the structure and properties of cellulose-based starch polymer composites, while Chapter 8 focuses on the spectroscopic analysis of rice husk and wheat gluten husk-based polymer composites using computational chemistry. Chapter 9 summarizes the processing, characterization and properties of oil palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites. In this chapter, the use of oil palm as reinforcement in different polymer matrices such as natural rubber, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, phenol formaldehyde, polystyrene, epoxy and LLDPE is discussed. Chapter 10 also focuses on... 

He C, Ma B (2009) The spinning, structure, and properties of cellulose/chitin blend filaments through HWM method. Polym Advan Technol. doi 10.1002/pat.l458... 

Nishikawa and Ono recorded the crystaUine nature of cellulose using the X-ray diffraction patterns from fiber bundles from various plants. Cellulose is known to exist in at least four polymorphic crystalline forms, of which the structure and properties of cellulose 1 (native cellulose) and ceUulose II (regenerated cellulose and mercerized cellulose) have been most extensively studied. As a first approximation, the crystal structure of cellulose I determined by X-ray diffraction can be described by monoclinic unit cell which contains two cellulose chains in a parallel orientation with a twofold screw axis (Klemm et al. 2005). Cellulose I has two polymorphs, a triclinic stmcture (la) and a monoclinic structure (IP), which coexist in various proportions depending on the cellulose source (Azizi Samir et al. 2005) (Nishiyama 2009). The la structure is the dominate polymorph for most algae (Yamamoto and Horii 1993) and bacteria (Yamamoto and Horn 1994), whereas ip is the dominant polymorph for higher plant cell wall cellulose and in tunicates. 

In this Chapter, the structure and properties of cellulose materials are discussed furthermore, in order to predict the cellulose properties, their dependence on the primary structural parameters is described. 

The determination the actual degree of crystallinity is very important in order to establish the real structure of cellulose, calculate the thermodynamic and physico-chemical properties, as well as study the relationships between structure and properties of cellulose. It should be noted that the term "actual degree... 

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