Structure reliability factor

The values of G2 (calc.), calculated with the final parameters, are given in Table 2, where they are compared with G2 (obs.). Considering that the intensities were estimated visually from photographs, the agreement is excellent. The conventional reliability factor R, as applied here to the G2 rather than to structure factors, i.e. 

Reliability factors for estimated structure factors were calculated using the equation ... 

Reflection intensity in the SAED negatives was measured with a microdensitometer. The refinement of the structure analysis was performed by the least square method over the intensity data (25 reflections) thus obtained. A PPX single-crystal is a mosaic crystal which gives an "N-pattem". Therefore we used the 1/d hko as the Lorentz correction factor [28], where d hko is the (hkO) spacing of the crystal. In this case, the reliability factor R was 31%, and the isotropic temperature factor B was 0.076nm. The molecular conformation of the P-form took after that of the P-form since R was minimized with this conformation benzene rings are perpendicular to the trans-zigzag plane of -CH2-CH2-. 

March, J.S., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., and Conners, C.K. (1997) The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) factor structure, reliability, and validity. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 554-565. 

The cell parameters are determined as a= 18.2872(8) A, fe=l 1.2120(4) A, c=l 1.1748(4) A,and /J=107.91(l)° (monoclinic P21),by the Rietveld analysis. The reliability factor (R-factor) based on the Bragg intensities, R(, and weighted profile R-factor, Rwp, were 6.3 and 2.6%, respectively. The MEM charge density based on Rietveld analysis was derived with 502 observed structure factors by dividing the unit cell into 128x72x72 pixels. The reliability factor of the final MEM charge density was 3.8%. 

It should be noted that the recent theoretical study suggested a different structural model of Sc2 C66 based on the isomer 4059 [46]. The best fit of the Rietveld refinement based on this theoretical model gives the reliability factors Rwp=9.1% and Ri=57.6%. The fitting result is shown in Fig. 19 with the structural model. The... 

All figures of merit except one (Eq. 6.20) include a contribution from the background. This raises an interesting problem about the reliability of profile reliability factors (pardon the tautology) when the correctness of the structural model is of concern, which will be further discussed in Chapter 7. 

For the application of cathodic protection to structures to be protected, the initial considerations are best made at the early design and preconstruction phase of the structure. For underground structures, it may be necessary to visit the proposed site, or for pipelines the proposed route, to obtain additional information on low-resistivity areas, availability of electric power, and the existence of stray dc current or other possible interactions. Other considerations will include fundamental design decisions to select the type of system and the most suitable type of anode appropriate to that system. In addition, it will be a requirement to determine the size and number of the power sources or sacrificial anodes and their distribution on the structure. Other factors that must be considered to ensure that cathodic protection is applied in the most economic and reliable manner are given as follows. 

Reliability theory is based on probability theory, but is only used today to indicate possible values of the various safety factors in use. A historical development of the measurement of safety is given in Chapter 3 and, as we shall see, the traditional safety factors only measure part of the uncertainty surrounding the construction and eventual use of a structure. These factors, which are usually the ratio of some estimated critical load or stress for the structure to the estimated working load or stress, are crude and ignore the possibility of human error. 

A review of the important aspects of current reliability theory has been published by the British Construction Industry Research and Information Association [61]. Only an outline of the basic ideas will be reviewed here. Methods of safety analysis grouped under the general heading of reliability theory have been categorised into three levels as follows level 1, includes methods in which appropriate levels of structural reliability are provided on a structural element (member) basis, by the specification of partial safety factors and characteristic values of basic variables level 2, includes methods which check probabilities of failure at selected points on a failure boundary defined by a given limit state equation this is distinct from level 3 which includes methods of exact probabilistic analysis for a whole structural system, using full probability distributions with probabilities of failure interpreted as relative frequencies. 

Qu(Mo) samples wrapped in Mo foil and sealed in evacuated silica (quartz) tubes for heat treatment R reliability factor of crystal structure determination defined as... 

Reliability and Safety Data Collection and Analysis Fault Identification and Diagnostics Maintenance Modelling and Optimisation Structural Reliability and Design Codes Software Reliability Consequence Modelling Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis Safety Culture Organizational Learning Human Factors... 

The assessment is based on design values of basic variables derived from characteristic values and partial factors. Partial factors of the actions with unfavourable effects and of resistance with a favourable effect on structural reliability are defined as follows, respectively ... 

Total reflections Unique reflections Reliability factor of structure determination... 

It can be seen that two crystals vary in composition. They differ in K-content. Both crystals belong to tetragonal space group P4/mmm. The respective unit cell parameters slightly differ in their values for two compounds. There is correlation between the parameter s value and the K content. The more K content, the more a and the less c parameter. Structure parameters, such as atomic coordinates, thermal and occupancy factors, were refmed up to reliability factor R=0.038 and R=0.055 for two crystals respectively. 

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