Processing-structure-property relationships

Well-characterized polymer materials with a molecular weight distribution as narrow as possible are widely used as samples for the establishment of structure-properties-processability relationships. 

By stringing together different selective detectors and connecting them to chromatographic systems based on chemical composition and MW separations, complete characterization of complex polymeric materials may be achievable in a single experiment. This information is critically needed to establish structure-property-processing relationships to tailor materials of given properties and end-use applications. 

Structure/property/process relationships in chemical vapour deposition CVD, Blocher, 1974 [121]... 

Figure 6.4 is reprinted from Journal of Vacuum Science Technology, Vol. 11, J M Blocher, Structure/property/process relationships in chemical vapuor deposition CVD, pp. 680-686,1974, with permission from American Institute of Physics. 

Owens M. 2004. Misting in Eorward-Roll Coating Structure, Property, Processing Relationships. [CWM, LES]... 

Furthermore, characterization of the molecular dynamics must be carried out in the solid state if the objective is to understand the dynamic structure in the solid state (47). This information can be related to other relaxation methods such as anelastic and dielectric relaxation to develop an understanding of a variety of properties such as toughness, permeability, secondary/tertiary structure, and structure/property/processing relationships. 

The structure-property-processing relationship of agro-polymers is highly interdependent. A considerable research effort has been devoted to firstly obtain processible thermoplastics. Now, sustained efforts are required to overcome the water sensitivity and time-dependent properties of these materials. 

Many amorphous thermoplastics are brittle, limiting their range of applications. Toughening with rubber is well known to enhance fracture resistance and toughness. Many major chemical industries are based on toughened plastics, such as ABS, HIPS, and ionomers [26-30]. Important issues in the design of fracture resistant polymers are compatibility, deformation, toughening mechanisms, and characterization. Particle size distribution and adhesion to the matrix must be determined by microscopy to develop structure-property-process relationships. 

Polymer features that lead to miscibility with polysulfone should be further quantihed to be able to optimize the membrane separation characteristics of polymer mixtures. On the other hand, in the case of immiscible polysulfone blends, it is desirable to better define the features of the blend components that lead to a particular morphology. Some of those features are perhaps going to be different in the case of thermoplastic and thermoset matrix materials, but viscosity is certainly going to be relevant in both cases. However, in order to best utilize the polysulfone blends that have been discussed in this chapter, more work is required to better comprehend their structure-property-processing relationships. 

Understanding Thermoplastic Starch Structure-Property-Processing-Performance-Biodegradation Relationships... 

Clearly, understanding these relationships will provide the ability to understand these systems and aid in the smart design of new thermoplastic starch products. Our future work is focussing on effects of subsequent conversion processing conditions on structure-property-biodegradation relationships. 

The structure/property relationships in materials subjected to shock-wave deformation is physically very difficult to conduct and complex to interpret due to the dynamic nature of the shock process and the very short time of the test. Due to these imposed constraints, most real-time shock-process measurements are limited to studying the interactions of the transmitted waves arrival at the free surface. To augment these in situ wave-profile measurements, shock-recovery techniques were developed in the late 1950s to assess experimentally the residual effects of shock-wave compression on materials. The object of soft-recovery experiments is to examine the terminal structure/property relationships of a material that has been subjected to a known uniaxial shock history, then returned to an ambient pressure... 

To illustrate the effect of radial release interactions on the structure/ property relationships in shock-loaded materials, experiments were conducted on copper shock loaded using several shock-recovery designs that yielded differences in es but all having been subjected to a 10 GPa, 1 fis pulse duration, shock process [13]. Compression specimens were sectioned from these soft recovery samples to measure the reload yield behavior, and examined in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to study the substructure evolution. The substructure and yield strength of the bulk shock-loaded copper samples were found to depend on the amount of e, in the shock-recovered sample at a constant peak pressure and pulse duration. In Fig. 6.8 the quasi-static reload yield strength of the 10 GPa shock-loaded copper is observed to increase with increasing residual sample strain. 

MW and MWD are very significant parameters in determining the end use performance of polymers. However, difficulty arises in ascertaining the structural properties relationship, especially for the crystalline polymers, due to the interdependent variables, i.e., crystallinity, orientation, crystal structure, processing conditions, etc., which are influenced by MW and MWD of the material. The presence of chain branches and their distribution in PE cause further complications in establishing this correlation. 

An in-depth understanding of structure-property relationships is perhaps the most important concern for the urethane formulation chemist. Material design objectives often go far beyond physical property requirements and may also include considerations like processing characteristics (i.e., compatibility, reactivity,... 

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