Structure and Processing Properties

Because of their unique blend of properties, composites reinforced with high performance carbon fibers find use in many structural applications. However, it is possible to produce carbon fibers with very different properties, depending on the precursor used and processing conditions employed. Commercially, continuous high performance carbon fibers currently are formed from two precursor fibers, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and mesophase pitch. The PAN-based carbon fiber dominates the ultra-high strength, high temperature fiber market (and represents about 90% of the total carbon fiber production), while the mesophase pitch fibers can achieve stiffnesses and thermal conductivities unsurpassed by any other continuous fiber. This chapter compares the processes, structures, and properties of these two classes of fibers. 

M. J. Folkes, Processing, Structure and Properties of Block Copolymers. Elsevier Applied Sciences, Barking, UK, 1985. 

Apicella, A., Nicolais, L., Mikols, J. K., Seferis, J. J. Sorption mechanisms in glassy thermosets in Interrelations between processing structure and properties of polymeric materials , J. C. Seferis and P. S. Theocaris (Eds.), Elsevier 1984... 

Folkes, M. J. (ed.) (1985). Processing, structure and properties of block copolymers. Elsevier Applied Science, London. 

Chapter 16 deals with the relationship between processing, structure, and properties of CN films. Such films potentially are believed to have attractive properties derived largely from their short covalent bonding. The status of current research on CN films is reviewed and the most widely used experimental techniques employed to produce them are presented. The theoretical models often used to optimize the processing are then described. Next, microstructural characterization of CN films are discussed followed by a discussion on the effect of processing and structure on film properties. 

First, in order to understand the processing, structure, and properties of polymeric fibers, the main focus of Chapters 3 and 4, it will be useful to review some general and basic concepts regarding the structure of polymeric materials, and... 

In what follows, we first describe general processing techniques used to make synthetic polymeric fibers, followed by a description of the processing, structure, and properties of some important low modulus organic fibers. Finally, we describe, in some detail, two commercially important, high-stifihess fibers aramid and polyethylene. 

In this section we describe the processing, structure, and properties of some important low modulus synthetic polymeric fibers. 

In this chapter we provide a description of the processing, structure, and properties of high temperature ceramic fibers, excluding glass and carbon, which are dealt with in separate chapters because of their greater commercial importance. Before we do that, however, we review briefly some fundamental characteristics of ceramics (crystalline and noncrystalline). Once again, readers already familiar with this basic information may choose to go directly to Section 6.5. 

Crystalline oxide fibers represent an important dass of ceramic fibers mainly because of their superior oxidation resistance, being oxides. We describe the processing, structure, and properties of oxide fibers, mainly alumina and some alumina+silica-type fibers. 

Keller A, Odell JA (1985). In Processing Structure and Properties of Block Copolymers, Folkes MJ (ed), Elsevier, New York. 

Lin CC, Jonnalagadda SV, Kesani PK, Dai HJ, Balsara NP (1994). Macromolecules 27 7769. Lohse DJ, Fetters LJ, Doyle MJ, Wang H-C, Kow C (1993). Macromolecules 26 3444. Lyngaae-Jorgensen J (1985). In Processing Structure and Properties of Block Copolymers, edited by MJ Folkes (ed). Applied Science, New York. 

Lackey WJ, Starr TL (1990) Fabrication of fibre-reinforced ceramic composites by chemical vapour infiltration processing, structure and properties. In Mazdiyasni K S (ed) Fibre reinforced ceramics. Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, pp397 150... 

The major technological problem in the use of polymer blends concerns determining correlations between composition, processing, structure and properties. Each variable has inherent characterization problems, e.g., of the preparation process, of the chemistry and morphology, and of what are meaningful properties. None of these correlations or characterizations are easy to make or particularly well understood. 

J. Lyngaae-Jargensen, Chapter 3, p. 75-123, in ed. M.J. Folkes, "Processing Structure and Properties of Block Copolymers", Elsevier Appl. Sci. Publ., London 1985. 

W.J. Lackey, T. L. Starr, in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics Fabrication of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Composites by Chemical Vapor Infiltration Processing, Structure and Properties, pp. 397-450 (Ed. K.S. Mazdiyasni), Noyes Publications, Park Ridge NJ, 1990. 

Lyngaae-J0rgensen, J., in Polymer Alloys HI, D. Klempner and K. C. Frisch, Eds., Plenum Press, New York (1983) in Processing, Structure and Properties of Block Copolymers, M. J. Folkes, Ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London (1985). 

Cotto D, Saillard P, Agassant JF, Haudin JM. Interrelations Between Processing Structure and Properties of Polymeric Materials. 1st ed. Amsterdam Elsevier Science Ltd 1984. 

M. T. Shaw and S. H. Shaw, Proc. of the 1982 lUPAC S3nnp. on "Interrelations Between Processing, Structure, and Properties of Materials", Athens, Greece, 1982. 

Scale invariance is a symmetry that has provided a new view on random matter and suggests ways to improve processes, structures, and properties of solids. The concept of this symmetry has made it possible to understand and control reaction kinetics. The equations that are generally used for reaction rates were developed for three-dimensional idealized systems. With the help of the new symmetry they can be generalized and made applicable to random matter. Of course we must remember that application of this symmetry presupposes a great deal and models based on it are just models. 

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