Structural uses

T3rpical Structures Used for Detergent Additives And Dispersants... 

The performance of the classifier has been verified using a number of practical applications, such as civil engineering [3], inspection of aerospace composite structures, ball bearings and aircraft multi-layer structures. Here we present shortly some results, focusing on detection of disbonds in adhesively joint multi-layer aerospace structures using Fokker Bond Tester resonance instrument, details can be found in [1]. 

A Practical Approach to Inspection of Concrete Structures using High Energy Radiography and other Advanced NDE-Methods. 

The most challenging of these applications has been the location and characterisation of anomalies in thick concrete structures using seismic methods and the detection of reinforcing steel and pre-stressing cables in congested structures using radar. 

The ROSDAL syntax is characterized by a simple coding of a chemical structure using alphanumeric symbols which can easily be learned by a chemist [14]. In the linear structure representation, each atom of the structure is arbitrarily assigned a unique number, except for the hydrogen atoms. Carbon atoms are shown in the notation only by digits. The other types of atoms carry, in addition, their atomic symbol. In order to describe the bonds between atoms, bond symbols are inserted between the atom numbers. Branches are marked and separated from the other parts of the code by commas [15, 16] (Figure 2-9). The ROSDAL linear notation is rmambiguous but not unique. 

Solving Protein Structures Using Restrained Molecular Dynamics and Simulated Annealing... 

Gavezzotti A and G Filippini 1996. Computer Prediction of Organic Crystal Structures Using Partial X-ray Diffraction Data, journal of the American Chemical Society 118 7153-7157. 

Livingstone, D 2000. The Characterisation of Chemical Structures Using Molecular Properties. A Survey. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science 40 195-209. 

Dewar s treatment of transition state structure, using reactivity numbers, has the logical defect that in the intermediate kinds of transition states for which it provides evidence the electron localisation is only partial. However, in obtaining the values of the reactivity numbers (which are approximate localization energies), the process of localization is considered to be complete thus, values of parameters which strictly are relevant only to the Wheland type of transition state are incorporated into a different model. ... 

The distorted structure can be replaced by a more reasonable structure using an empir ical molecular mechanics calculation This calculation which is invoked m Spartan Build by clicking on Minimize, automatically finds the structure with the smallest strain energy (m this case a structure with realistic bond distances and a boat conformation for the SIX membered ring)... 

While not overcrowded, the polyethylene structure uses space with admirable efficiency, the atoms filling the available space with 73% efficiency. For contrast, recall that close-packed spheres fill space with 74% efficiency, so polyethylene does about as well as is possible in its utilization of space. 

Performance Standardfor Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels, PS2-92, APA—The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, Wash., 1992. 

Numerous dyes structurally related to the safranines, such as the eurodines, e.g. (141), the indulines, e.g. (142), the nigrosines (143) and aniline black, a pigment of unknown structure used in the printing industry, are well known and a detailed account of their chemistry and applications has been presented (57HC(ll)l). 

Reductions of the N —N double bond yield diaziridines and were carried out for proof of structure, using for example sodium amalgam or catalytic hydrogenation. They are unimportant beyond that, because most diazirine syntheses start with diaziridines. 

Table 1.3 shows a rough breakdown of material prices. Materials for large-scale structural use - wood, cement and concrete, and structural steel - cost between UK 50 and UK 500 (US 75 and US 750) per tonne. There are many materials which have all the other properties required of a structural material - nickel or titanium, for example - but their use in this application is eliminated by their price. 

The covalently-bonded silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and sialons (alloys of Si3N4 and AI2O3) seem to be the best bet for high-temperature structural use. Their creep resistance... 

No fewer than 14 pure metals have densities se4.5 Mg (see Table 10.1). Of these, titanium, aluminium and magnesium are in common use as structural materials. Beryllium is difficult to work and is toxic, but it is used in moderate quantities for heat shields and structural members in rockets. Lithium is used as an alloying element in aluminium to lower its density and save weight on airframes. Yttrium has an excellent set of properties and, although scarce, may eventually find applications in the nuclear-powered aircraft project. But the majority are unsuitable for structural use because they are chemically reactive or have low melting points." ... 

MI Sutcliffe, CM Dobson, RE Oswald. Solution structure of neuronal bungarotoxm determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy Calculation of tertiary structure using systematic homologous model building, dynamical simulated annealing, and restrained molecular dynamics. Biochemistry 31 2962-2970, 1992. 

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