Structural adjustment programmes

The response across much of Africa took the form of structural adjustment programmes, linked to International Monetary Fund fiscal support and requiring extensive privatization and liberalization of trade. The... 

However, Zimbabwe was not spared tbe economic crises that swept across African countries from tbe mid-1980s. Expansion of social services without rising revenues led to budget deficits, forcing tbe government to abandon tbeir initial resistance to economic structural adjustment programmes (AfDB, 1998). On tbe advice of tbe IMF and technocrats in the Ministry of Finance, the country embarked on a structural adjustment programme in 1991. Disastrous economic outcomes included deindustrialization, unemployment and deterioration of the health care system (AfDB, 1997 Brett, 2005 Richardson, 2005). 

The mid-1980s and 1990s saw in Kenya, as across Sub-Saharan Africa, a process of market liberalization, associated with structural adjustment programmes, and a shift to export promotion. In Kenya, export promotion included a number of schemes to allow bonded production for exports using duty-free inputs, but this had little impact on pharmaceuticals (Chapter 2). The early 1990s in Kenya also saw a push to buy local, using local health section procurement to benefit industrial... 

AfDB (1997) Zimbabwe Economic Structural Adjustment Programme Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER), African Development Bank Group, Tunis. 

Plants are constantly subject to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, flooding, extreme temperatures, excessive salts, heavy metals, high-intensity irradiation and infection by pathogenic agents. Because of their immobility, plants have to make necessary metabolic and structural adjustments to cope with the stress conditions. To this end, the expression of the genetic programme in plants is altered by the stress stimuli to induce and/or suppress the production of specific proteins which are either structural proteins or enzymes for specific metabolic pathways. 

The amplifier (5) boosts the signal, eliminates temperature coefficients, and adjusts the offset. The low pass filter (6) limits the bandwidth. The drive circuit is a closed loop system to achieve a stable drive oscillation. It consists of a structure (not drawn) that detects the oscillation movement of the drive of the yaw-rate sensor element, a control unit (2), and an actuator (not drawn). The start circuit (9) initiates the drive oscillation at power on. The block (8) generates all necessary adjustment signals and includes the logic circuit for the trim and an EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) for the storage of the trim data. 

The SYMBAD s structure can be easily adjusted depending on the type of test equipment, eg. for unmanned air systems, helicopters and combat aircrafts. Moreover, programme modification can include type of research being conducted for a new-designed and -developed aircraft as well as for an upgraded one, for those in production, and for the aircraft equipment/systems built in the aircraft. 

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