Streptococcus mutans cell

Fig. 23 Saliva and serum IgA (primary and secondary) response following orally administered soluble antigen Streptococcus mutans cell wall extract (open circles, soluble antigen solid circles, liposome-encapsulated material) (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, cholesterol). (From Ref. 277).

The inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adherence to hydroxyapatite with combinations of alkyl phosphates and nonionic surfactants was tested. Seven alkyl phosphate derivatives and three nonionic surfactants were examined for their ability to inhibit the adherence of 3H-labeled cells of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite treated with buffer or parotid saliva. No compound by itself effectively hindered binding of bacteria to hydroxyapatite. A combination of certain of the alkyl phosphates, notably a disodium phosphate of 1-octadecanol, and nonionic surfactant at a 1 1 molar ratio gave a strong inhibition of S. mutans adherence. Treatment with this combination resulted in 98% reduction of adherence. Adsorption of the two types of surface-active agents alone and in combinations was studied using 14C-labeled agents. Electrophoretic measure-... 

The most widely studied therapeutic proteins produced in plants include monoclonal antibodies for passive immunotherapy and antigens for use as oral vaccines [40]. Antibodies against dental caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E. coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers, Norwalk virus, HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus have been produced in transgenic plants. However, the anti-Streptococcus mutans secretory antibody for the prevention of dental caries is the only plant-derived antibody currently in Phase II clinical trials [40]. Until recently, most antibodies were expressed in tobacco, potato, alfalfa, soybean, rice and wheat [9], It has been estimated that for every 170 tons of harvested tobacco, 100 tons represents harvested leaves. A single hectare could thus yield 50 kg of secretory IgA [3, 41]. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the cost of antibody production in plants is half that in transgenic animals and 20 times lower than in mammalian cell cul-... 

I.R. Hamilton, D.C. Ellwood, Effects of fluoride on carbohydrate metabolism by washed cells of Streptococcus mutans grown at various pH values in a chemostat. Infect. Immunol. 48 (1985) 664-670. 

Antigen delivery through liposomes, hollow membrane-bound spheres, can be achieved by entrapping the molecule in the lipid membrane or inside the hollow cavity. Modified liposomes have been able to induce mucosal IgA responses compared to free antigen (Ann Clark et al. 2001 Aziz et al. 2007). Liposomes containing pertussis toxin (Guzman et al. 1993), Streptococcus mutans (Childers et al. 2002), or bovine serum albumin (Therien et al. 1990) as vaccine antigens have been tested in experimental models and induced effective antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses. 

Most streptocci that elaborate dextransucrases appear to secrete the enzyme(s) exocellularly, although some strains of Streptococcus mutans also elaborate structure-bound forms of the enzyme. The structure-bound enzyme activities of S. mutans may be situated at several points on the outer smface of the cell wall." Evidence has also been presented that suggests that the proportions of the structure-bound and secreted forms of the enzyme produced by individual streptococci may drange with repeated subculturing of the bacteria." Similar changes have not been detected in Leuconostoc strains. ... 

Parotid saliva has been examined for antibodies (immunoglobulin A) reacting with lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycans of whole cells of Streptococcus mutans using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbentassay. The significance of lipoteichoic acid may vary between different subjects and for different serotypes of S. mutans. 

Three extracellular proteins having affinities for binding to Streptococcus mutans serotype c cells have been isolated by affinity chromatography on immobilized a-D-glucans containing (1- 3)- and (1 6)-linkages Dextransucrase... 

Reck, M., Rutz, K., Kunze, B., Tomasch, J. et al. (2011) The biofilm inhibitor carolacton disturbs membrane integrity and cell division of Streptococcus mutans through the serine/threonine protein kinase PknB. J. Bacterial., 193, 5692-5706. 

One of the most important problems of cell adhesion is dental plaque, which is formed when bacteria such as streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis adhere to tooth surfaces, causing decay (caries) and gum disease (gingivitis). Dental plaque can be removed by brushing or prevented by chemical additives, such as chlorhexidine, which kill the bacteria. Study of dental plaque is normally done on hydroxy apatite which is the main component of dental enamel. 

Yanagida, A. Isozaki, M. Shibusawa, Y. Shindo, H. Ito, Y. Purification of glycosyltransferase from cell-lysate of Streptococcus mutans by counter-current chromatography using aqueous polymer two-phase system. J. Chromatogr. B. Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2004, 805 (1), 155-160. 

A crystalline lysozyme (mol. wt. 2.0—2.3 x 10 ), which acts on the cells of Streptococcus mutans, has been obtained from culture filtrates of Streptomyces griseus by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The enzyme was homogeneous on examination by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 

A two-reaction model of Streptococcus mutans adherence to smooth surfaces has been developed. In one reaction, attachment of the cells to the tooth pellicle is mediated by cell-surface proteins rather than D-glucans or teichoic acids. The other reaction is cellular accumulation mediated by sucrose derived D-glucans and cell surface lectins. 

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