Strengthening resistance

Because of the poor oxide, passivation of germanium surfaces is required for practical use of this semiconductor in devices. Although an ideally passivated surface would resist oxidation and degradation perfectly, such complete resistance is not possible in practice. For this discussion, we consider passivated surfaces as those that strengthen resistance to oxidation in both ambient air and aqueous solution. Three different surface terminating layers are reviewed sulfide-, chloride-, and hydride-terminated germanium. To date, sulfide termination creates the most ideal passivating layer, whereas both chloride and hydride termination add limited stability sufficient to alter the surface reactivity in a way that allows for further reaction. 

BE-7500 A novel creep resistant tin strengthened 9 12 CR ferritic steel for advanced steam Dower olant. Mr.G. Shrimpton AEA Technology... 

A hardness indentation causes both elastic and plastic deformations which activate certain strengthening mechanisms in metals. Dislocations created by the deformation result in strain hardening of metals. Thus the indentation hardness test, which is a measure of resistance to deformation, is affected by the rate of strain hardening. 

Steels iu the AISI 400 series contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium and usually not more than 2.5% of any other aHoyiag element these steels are either hardenable (martensitic) or nonhardenable, depending principally on chromium content. Whereas these steels resist oxidation up to temperatures as high as 1150°C, they are not particularly strong above 700°C. Steels iu the AISI 300 series contain a minimum of 16% chromium and 6% nickel the relative amounts of these elements are balanced to give an austenitic stmcture. These steels caimot be strengthened by heat treatment, but can be strain-hardened by cold work. 

Glass—PVB laminates become mote rigid with a decrease in temperature, and below —7° C approach the performance of soHd glass. At temperatures above 38°C these laminates ate less rigid and provide improved penetration resistance. Some appHcations utili2e he at-strengthened or tempered glass for... 

Copper, with its high heat conductivity, resists frictional heat during service and is readily moldable. It is generally used as a base metal, at 60—75 wt %, whereas tin or zinc powders are present at 5—10 wt %. Tin and zinc are soluble in the copper, and strengthen the matrix through the formation of a soHd solution during sintering. 

---