Strain, A and

The variation in wall thickness and the development of cell wall rigidity (stiffness) with time have significant consequences when considering the flow sensitivity of biomaterials in suspension. For an elastic material, stiffness can be characterised by an elastic constant, for example, by Young s modulus of elasticity (E) or shear modulus of elasticity (G). For a material that obeys Hooke s law,for example, a simple linear relationship exists between stress, , and strain, a, and the ratio of the two uniquely determines the value of the Young s modulus of the material. Furthermore, the (strain) energy associated with elastic de-... 

Sugg and Hehre43 also obtained precipitin reactions with dextran or with sterile filtrates of sucrose broth cultures of L. mesenteroides (designated for convenience strain A) and not only anti-Leuconostoc sera, but also pneumococcus Types II, XII and XX antisera. Leuconostoc organisms cultured on D-glucose broth neither stimulated the production of dextran-reactive antibodies in rabbits, nor absorbed dextran-reactive antibodies from sera, as did organisms cultured on sucrose. Absorption with the homologous bacteria (Leuconostoc, pneumococcus Types II,... 

Quotient of uniaxial strain (a) and uniaxial stress (a) in the limit of zero strain D = lim (ala). 

Figure 8. Antigenic sites in the fusion region of influenza virus hemagglutinin of strains A and B. The sites have been localized and their antigenic activity confirmed by synthesis and reactivity with rabbit, goat, and mouse antivirus and antihemagglutinin antibodies. Also, each of the peptides bound considerable amounts of anti-influenza antibodies from sera of human individuals after influenza attack. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 29.

The existence of the functional dependency of Eq. (8) provides a possibility411 to assume that relaxation processes develop in time similarly after different homogeneous extensions (and even after a preliminary partial relaxation of stresses), if the accumulated elastic strain a and irreversible strain velocity ep in the medium are similar at the moment of start of relaxation. According to the above, we can take, for example, instead of parameters (a, e ) parameters (cr, a). If the processes of stress relaxation coincide in time, the processes of retardation occur automatically similarly under the same initial conditions of (at, e ). 

Effects of mammalian sera on avirulent and virulent bacteria were determined by using attenuated (BCG) and virulent (H37Rv) strains of tubercle bacilli and avirulent (strain A) and virulent (strain C) strains of E. coli. All strains were obtained from the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology, Miami University. Bacterial virulence and the infection-promoting effect of iron were determined in Swiss-Webster mice. The degree of virulence of tubercle bacilli for iron-untreated and iron-treated mice has been shown previously (2). In this study, the pathogenicity of E. coli strains was tested by three experiments in which groups of 10 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 X 108 cells of strain A and strain C. Mice infected with the strain C died within two days whereas 80-90% of mice inoculated with strain A survived the infection. On the basis of these and several similar experiments (see... 

Table III. Effects of Different Bacteria Inocula on the Fate of A virulent (Strain A) and Virulent (Strain C)...

Table VI. Growth of Avirulent Strain A and Virulent Strain C in Samples of Spent Serum Collected at Various Times during the Growth of Strain C (2 5)...

Table VIII. The Mortality of Mice Injected with Untreated, Iron-treated, and Heat-killed Cells of Strain A and Strain C of E. coli (25)...

Figure 15.6 Tensile stress versus tensile strain (a) and specific stress versus strain curves (b) for some reinforcing fibers. (From Ref. 7.)...

Based on similar arguments as for the autocatalytic case the width of a filament of the C = 1 state flanked by sharp fronts can be obtained from the balance between the strain A and the propagation speed of the bistable reaction-diffusion front wp ss v/X. By using the expression (4.27), v = (1 — 2a) kD/2, we find for the stable filament solution... 

Figure 3.10 Atomic force microscopy of ZN-hexene-LLDPE before strain (a) and after strains of 3...

Figure 2.4. Differential melting curves obtained with mitochondrial DNAs. Every curve is an average from 2 to 5 replicate experiments. Strains A and B are two wild-type strains. Strains ai, a2 and b are spontaneous petite strains. See Fig. 2.3 for other indications. (From Bernardi et al., 1970).

In the case of one-dimensional problems, there is only one observable state variable q, i.e. the axial strain a and the generalized force Q corresponds to the axial stress o. From eq. (6) we have a onedimensional non-linear thermo-visco-elastic equation (8) as follows ... 

In this section, I consider the variants in Saccharomyces mannan structure that occur naturally and those that have been produced by directed mutation. From a comparison of their aceto-lysis patterns, three interfertile wild-type Saccharomyces species have been distinguished. These differ only in the lengths of their longest side chains that, in turn, reflect the activities of two presumably different al 3-inannosyltransferases (Figure 6). Diploids of strains A and B have the B phenotype, whereas diploids of either A or B with C have the C phenotype, which suggests that... 

FIG U RE 5.4.1 Underdominance describes a condition when a mating between two strains (A and B) results in offspring (AB) less fit than either parent. This mechanism has been proposed as a means to eliminate malariacarrying mosquitoes from the environment. (From Gould, F. et al.. Am. Sci., 94, 238, 2006. With permission.)... 

Figure 2.11 Change in strain (a) and temperature (b) of SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films under IR stimulus, (a) The strain responses to an IR stimulus in five different SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films 0.2 wt% SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films subjected to 16 min of curing and different percentages of hot-drawing (I. 160%, II. 130%, and III. 70%) and 0.1 wt% SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films subjected to 200% hot-drawing and different curing times (IV. 16 min, and V. 20 min), (b) The temperature responses to an IR stimulus in SWNT-LCE nanocomposite films with 0.1 and 0.2 wt% PPE-SWNT loading levels. Reprinted by permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. ...

This equation is related to the strain rate at small strains and the symbols have the usual meaning, namely stress (tr), strain (a) and time (t). The stress-strain curves of the polycrystalline MgO are indicated as a function of ternperamre. Above 1200 °C, deformation occurred by grain-boundary shearing accompanied, in some cases, by slip, as seen in Fig. 4.10. 

Fig. 2. Variations of peak field-induced strain (a) and piezoelectric hysteresis (b) as a fimction of the number of cycles.

Fig. 26.9 Time histories of strains (a) and bending moments (b) at different elevation along pile 4 for the FHP configuration (PGA = 0.027g) (test n. 101115 D3R1)...

There is a potential function w(a,E) depending on a strain a and a time interval . We write its derivative with respect to the second variable with an... 

Figure 18.3 MSC alignment in tissue constructs stretched at different strains (a) and their cardiac differentiation (h).

Fig. 1. Scheme of creep strain (a) and creep strain rate (b) during a constant loading test. 

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