Stimulants amphetamines ephedra

Ephedra, also known as Ma-Huang, is a central nervous system stimulant that is similar to amphetamine. Ephedra alkaloids (a material found in plants) with the active ingredient ephedrine have been used for medicinal purposes in China for... 

The molecular structure of ephedra resembles that of amphetamine, a stimulant. Dietary supplement product manufacturers often mixed caffeine with ephedra. Some experts believe that caffeine probably enhances or heightens ephedra s stimulant effects. Ephedra may also be combined with other herbs in supplements, depending on the desired effects. 

Europe increased trafficking in precursors of amphetamine-type stimulants and ephedra... 

Antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants Antihypertensives felodipine Antibiotics quinolones, isoniazid Bronchodilators albuterol, theophylline Corticosteroids prednisone Dopa agonists levodopa Herbals ma huang, ginseng, ephedra Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen Stimulants amphetamines, methylphenidate, caffeine, cocaine Sympathomimetics pseudoephedrine Thyroid hormones levothyroxine Toxicity anticholinergics, antihistamines, digoxin Withdrawal alcohol, sedatives... 

Products containing ephedra were used extensively by the American public for weight loss and to enhance athletic performance. Ephedra, a stimulant similar to amphetamine, increases blood pressure and heart rate after only one dose, significantly increasing a person s risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Because ephedra is a dietary supplement, the FDA did not review its safety or efficacy before it became available to the American public. According to law, the FDA could only prohibit the sale of the dietary supplement if it was proven to present a significant or unreasonable risk of injury. 

MOTHER NATURE S AMPHETAMINES Amphetamine does not occur naturally, but some substances found in nature are chemically related to amphetamine and have similar effects on the brain. Ephedrine can be found in Ephedra sinica, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and is known as ma huang. Its effects on the sympathetic nervous system are similar to amphetamine. However, this extract never achieved complete success as a psychoactive stimulant, primarily because it does not cross the blood—brain barrier as effectively as amphetamine. 

All amphetamines are synthetic, or manufactured, substances derived from alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl-ethyl-amine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. In terms of their chemical structures, amphetamines are related to two natural substances known to boost energy within the human body. Those substances are ephedrine and adrenaline. Ephedrine is a natural stimulant found in plants of the genus Ephedra. It... 

Indeed, PDC catalyzes mainly the reaction of pyruvate with benzaldehyde for the formation of (R)-PAC 27. This C—C bond formation, a two-carbon unit elongation, is coupled to the concomitant decarboxylation of pyruvate 26. This reaction is industrially developed for the synthesis of (—)-ephedrine by adding a second step, a reductive amination. Ephedrine (marketed by Merck especially) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, and decongestant, and it is used to treat hypotension associated with anesthesia. It is similar in structure to the (semisynthetic) derivatives amphetamine and meth-amphetamine. Chemically, it is an alkaloid derived from various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedra-ceae). It works mainly by increasing the activity of noradrenaline on adrenergic receptors. ... 

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