Sternutator agents

Diphenylchloroarsine (DA, Clark I) was first synthesized in 1881 by Michaelis and Lacoste. These researchers described the exposure effects of powerful irritations of the nose and eyes as well as blistering of the skin. The vapor caused respiratory complications, fainting and paralysis in the extremities [25]. Sturniolo and Bellinzoni developed diphenylcyanoar-sine (DC, Clark II) in 1918. Similar in structure to Clark I, it also has the same exposure effects. Wieland, a German scientist, was the first to synthesize lO-chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine (DM) in 1915. Three years later a team in the USA independently developed the same chemical and named it Adamsite, after Major Roger Adams, the team leader [26]. 

The technique of mask breaking by diphenylchloroarsine (DA) was first introduced in July of 1917 by German forces, while diphenylcyanoarsine (DC) was later used in May 1918. 

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Diphenylcyanoarsine (Clark I) (DA), Diphenylchloroarsine (Clark II) (DC) and Adamsite (DM) are all classified as sternutator agents because they cause extreme sneezing, coughing and vomiting. All three chemicals have very similar structures (Figure 2.4) and all contain arsenic however, the levels that cause such a violent reaction are not toxic (0.1 mg m ). Once the particles fall to the ground after dispersion, they become ineffective unless they are re-dispersed. To have any effect, the aerosols must be inhaled or absorbed by the mucous of the eyes. 

Capillary electrophoresis for the determination of Sulfur Mustard, sternutator agents or associated compounds is not used to any great extent because the analytes are charge deprived [15]. 

The coupling of HPLC to ICP-MS offers multielement analysis that is fast, robust and reproducible. ICP-MS also offers excellent sensitivity with detection limits in the parts per trillion range for most elements. The separation and detection of sternutator agent degradation products by HPLC-ICP-MS offers two forms of identification retention time and elemental identification. It also offers the ability to identify mixtures of degradation products in complex matrices. 

Niese-fieber, n. hay fever, -mittel, n. aternuta tive, sternutator, sneeze-provoking agent, nieseu. v.i. sneeze. 

Orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is the most commonly used irritant for riot control purposes. Chloracetophenone (CN) is also used in some countries for this purpose in spite of its higher toxicity. A newer agent is dibenzoxazepine (CR) with which there is little experience. Arsenical smokes (sternutators) have in the past been used on the battlefield. Apart from their lachrymatory action they also provoke other effects, e.g., bron-choconstriction and emesis, and are some times referred to as vomiting agents. 

German designation for irritating chemical agents (sneeze gases, sternutators). 

A sternutator type of irritant chemical agent that can be disseminated in the air as extremely small solid or liquid particles. 

Diphenylcyanarsine.. (German Clark llX 5 Dipbenylcyanarsine ((C Hl)tAsCN) CDA Respiratory irritant (sternutator) Harrassing agent Sams as DA ... 

LigfU-coBualty Agent.s which prodtice simple lacrimation or temporary irritation of. some part of the body, as the nose uiul throat, r.g. sternutators. 

Sternutator an agent that produces sneezing. See also vomiting agents. 

Because the effects of RCAs mimic (although nonlethally) those of standard CW agents, the RCAs listed here appear in the same categories used for more conventional CW agents lacrimators (eye irritants), sternutators, and vomiting agents (D-series of arsenicals). 

Sternutators Vomiting Agents Banned RCAs Herbicides Obscurant Smokes Napalm... 

Frequently used screening and quantitative methods for identification of nerve agents, blister agents and sternutator... 

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