Technology transfer steps involved

The three primary considerations to be addressed during an effective technology transfer are the plan, the persons involved, and the process. A plan must be devised to organize the personnel and the process steps. Once prepared, the plan must be communicated to the involved parties in research, at the corporate level, and at the production site. The success of any program is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the communication preceding its implementation. Therefore, identifying the parties involved in the development process is one of the most important tasks to be confronted and must be completed early in the transfer process. 

Fig. 14.3 Process steps involved in the C4NP technology. Wafers with BLM and solder-fiUed molds are processed in parallel and joined together. Solder bumps are thus transferred to the wafer. Inset Solder balls formed by C4NP process. Ref. [23] reproduced with permission of the Electrochemical Society...

TABLE 1. Steps Involved in Technology Transfer for Genetic Toxicology Testing... 

One of the most topical ways of approaching this type of system, where separation and detection take place sequentially in space and time, to current trends in Science and Technology (e.g. automation and miniaturization) involves integrating both steps. Integrated systems of this type meet the requirements of chemical sensors [7,8] and differ clearly from conventional flow systems, where detection and mass transfer take place at different locations in the continuous configuration. In fact, the characteristic mass transfer of separation techniques takes place simultaneously with detection... 

The use of catalysts in chemistry increases reaction speed and lowers reaction temperatures. Metal catalysts are commonly used in many technologies — the detailed knowledge of catalyzed reaction steps can be used to improve efficiency or find new reaction pathways. Bond formation is the reverse process of bond breaking and constitutes an important basic step in a metal catalyzed reaction. In the simplest case, the transfer of an atom/molecule between the sample and the tip in the vertical manipulation procedure involves both bond breaking and bond formation processes. In this case, the substrate-atom/molecule bond is broken and a new bond between the atom/molecule and the tip-apex atom is formed or vice-versa [45]. Such a bond formation was demonstrated by Lee and Ho [46]. They deposited two CO molecules over an adsorbed Fe atom on a Cu(100) surface using the vertical manipulation procedure. Because an adsorbed Fe atom on this surface can accommodate two CO molecules, an Fe(CO)2 iron carbonyl was produced. 

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