Stearoyl chloride

As a dibasic acid, malic acid forms the usual salts, esters, amides, and acyl chlorides. Monoesters can be prepared easily by refluxing malic acid, an alcohol, and boron trifluoride as a catalyst (9). With polyhydric alcohols and polycarboxyUc aromatic acids, malic acid yields alkyd polyester resins (10) (see Alcohols, polyhydric Alkyd resins). Complete esterification results from the reaction of the diester of maUc acid with an acid chloride, eg, acetyl or stearoyl chloride (11). 

Phenylbiguanide and stearoyl chloride are reported (236) to 5deld 5-phenylformoguanamine, and not 5-phenyl-6-heptadecylformoguana-mine, as would be expected from the general course of this reaction. The product of phenylbiguanide and adipyl chloride has been formulated (237) as the 5-phenyl- rather than the 6-phenyl-ditriazine. 

Stearoyl-2-lactylic acid has been prepared by reaction of benzyl lac-tylate with stearoyl chloride (Ellinger 1979). Ascorbic acid has also been synthesized from lactose (Danehy 1981). 

Tetra-0-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy- 3-D-glucopyranose Q.) (8) was treated with do-, tetra-, hexa-, and octadecanoyl (laur-oyl, myristoyl, palmytoyl, and stearoyl) chlorides in 2 1 chloroform-pyridine solution, to give the crystalline 1,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-2-acylamino-2-deoxy- 3-D-glucopyranoses ( ) (9). In addition to the n-fatty acyl compounds , we also prepared the... 

Esterification is usually effected by refluxing the acid and alcohol with a small amount of sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, or arylsulfonic acid. The equilibrium is shifted to the right by an excess of one of the reactants or by removal of water either by azeotropic distillation or by means of a suitable drying agent. The necessity for continuous drying is eliminated when methylene or ethylene chlorides are used as solvents for the reaction. A small amount of an acid chloride such as thionyl chloride, acetyl chloride, or stearoyl chloride has proved superior to hydrogen chloride as a catalyst for certain esterifications at room temperature. ... 

Acid chlorides such as thionyl chloride, acetyl chloride, stearoyl chloride, and chloroformic esters have also proved to be very effective esterification catalysts, being superior to mineral acids for, in particular, heat-sensitive substances.811 Even acids that react sluggishly, such as 2-phenyl-4-quino-linecarboxylic acid, can be esterified in good yield by using chlorosulfonic acid, of which only small quantities are required (0.01-0.05 equivalent).812... 

Yields are normally 50-84% but are lower if the two groups R are secondary alkyl cadmium compounds.360 Aryl and alkyl bromides are more suitable than the iodides for this reaction.361 Alkylcadmiums are usually preferred to alkylzincs because of their less ready reaction with carbonyl groups. The preparation of 1-phenyl-3-eicosanone3 62 from stearoyl chloride and bisphenethyl-cadmium provides an example ... 

An example is the fabrication of micelles that are composed of inert hydro-phobic cores with an outer shell of polyNIPAAm, which have shown phase transitions that are slightly above 32°C [125]. This change in the outer shell above the LCST from hydrophilic to hydrophobic results in micelle aggregation, self-reorganization, accelerated drug release, and enhanced interactions with cells. The hydrophobic blocks that are used to form the core of PNI-PAAm-based micelles are methacrylic acid stearoyl ester (MASE), stearoyl chloride (SC) [126], poly(A-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) [125, 126, 134], polystyrene (PS) [124], and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) [135, 136]. 

Katon et al. (1968) have extended their low-temperature work to other types of compounds and have given a description of the low-temperature cell they used. Other carbohydrates were examined (e.g., raffinose, sucrose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, lactose, mannose, maltose, galactose, rhamnose, cellobiose, and melibiose) as well as a noncrystalline trypsin (little or no change at the lower temperature), urea, diphenyl, stearoyl chloride, cholesterol (Fig. 3.20), cholesteryl acetate, serotonin creatinine sulfate, sodium creatinine phosphate hexahydrate, daunomycinone, carnosine, and... 

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