Steam diversion

Steam diversion may also be indicated by changes in the produced water composition. For example, if the Cl ion concentration in the injected aqueous phase is less than that in the formation, then an increasing Cl ion concentration indicates less channeling and greater contact with fresh reservoir. Changes in the produced gas composition (e.g., C02 or CH4 concentrations) may also indicate steam diversion. 

The polymers used in EOR may be employed in treatment processes such as mobility control, injection well reprofiling, production well water shut-off, or steam diversion. At temperatures greater than 70-75 C (160-170 F),most water-soluble polymers undergo extensive hydrolysis. As a result, the thickened brine solutions lose viscosity (or in the case of crosslinked gels, they lose gel strength) and are rendered useless . The mechanism of failure is usually precipitation by the reaction of the hydrolyzed polymer with naturally occur ng polyvalent ions. 

Rotary Kiln Incinerators. The rotary kiln has been used to incinerate a large variety of Hquid and soHd industrial wastes. Any Hquid capable of being atomized by steam or air can be incinerated, as well as heavy tars, sludges, pallets, and filter cakes. This abiUty to accept diverse feeds is the outstanding feature of the rotary kiln and, therefore, this type of incinerator is often selected by the chemical and waste treatment industries. 

Steam-foaming agents that efficiently mobilize heavy cmde oil by heat transfer can reduce the residual oil saturation. This can increase foam stabihty and improve the diversion of subsequently injected steam into oil saturated zones thereby increasing oil recovery (204). 

Natural-circulation and convection boiler banks are the basic design features on which a line of standard industrial boilers has been developed to accommodate the diverse steam, water, and fuel requirements of the industrial market. 

A similar logie is applieable to the eontrol of explosions involving gas or vapour, but other measures, e.g. dispersion by steam or eontainment by water eurtains, may be applieable to vapour elouds in the open air. Containment or diversion of a blast (e.g. by blast walls) and redueing its effeet by appropriate spaeing of equipment, buildings ete. are also applieable. 

Flare - Vapor streams, such as compressor suction diversion on catalytic cracking and steam cracking units, are normally routed to a flare. 

The diverse types of plant in this category would be too numerous to list, but include steam-jacketed pans, steam calorifiers, steam heating and drying units and all types of air-pressure vessels. These are manufactured in a wide range of materials (e.g. stainless steel) and may then be lined with materials such as mbber or glass, depending on the needs of the process in which the vessel will be used. 

Water tube boiler design and construction provide for much greater capacity, pressure, and versatility than FT boilers because of the subdivision of pressure parts and the ability to rearrange boiler components into a wide variety of configurations. As a result, steam output may be from under 1,500 lb/hr to several million lb/hr. Designers have, over the years, developed WT boilers for many diverse industrial process applications. 

The diverse sources for hydrogen are depicted in Figure 6.1.6 Today, the least expensive and the most widely applied technology to produce hydrogen is catalytic steam reforming... 

The characteristics of aluminophosphate molecular sieves include a univariant framework composition with Al/P = 1, a high degree of structural diversity and a wide range of pore sizes and volumes, exceeding the pore sizes known previously in zeolite molecular sieves with the VPI-5 18-membered ring material. They are neutral frameworks and therefore have nil ion-exchange capacity or acidic catalytic properties. Their surface selectivity is mildly hydrophilic. They exhibit excellent thermal and hydrothermal stability, up to 1000 °C (thermal) and 600 °C (steam). 

As a result of the numerous potential sources of wastewater from equipment drainage and leakage throughout a steam electric facility, the pollutants encountered in such wastewaters may be diverse. There have been little data reported for these waste streams however, the pollutant parameters that may be of concern are oil and grease, pH, and suspended solids. 

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