Steam Battery

Rendered ball proof, and protected by an iron cone, and mounted on a four-wheeled carriage, it can be readily moved from place to place, or kept on march with an army. It can be constructed to discharge missiles of any capacity from an ounce ball to a 25 pound shot, with a force and range equal to the most approved gunpowder projectiles, and can dishcarge from one hundred to five hundred balls per minute. 

In addition to the advantages of power, continuous action and velocity of disduuge, may be added economy in cost of construction, in space, in labor and transportation all of which 

MEN havo been fascinated by weapons since the first true men selected weapons worth keeping. Sub-men obviously hurled rocks and sticks at game, predators and other sub-men. But objects picked up and used once and then discarded are hardly weapons, except in a legal sense. The true weapon was an object worth keeping and carrying around. 

Only when stones and clubs of the right shape and balance were appreciated and kept, could the art of weaponry advance. Only then did man rise above the animals and dominate the earth. 

So the appreciation of weapons is an almost instinctive preoccupation of the most practical of our species. Moreover, danger to the system inspires farsighted men to arm themselves and their fellows. 

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Is obviously a workable concept. The 1861 article, reprinted in THE WEAPONEER under the title The Baltimore Steam Battery , is a weapon you might consider. In it was described such a gun which shot two-inch balls 150 yards through three one-inch pine planks and landed from three to four hundred yards beyond, powered by human muscle. 

It is relatively easy to set and control the optimum drying conditions in cabinet dryers. For this reason, various heat-sensitive food materials can be dried in small batches. The heat source is usually steam batteries or steam coils. The air from a centrifugal fan is passed through the coils and then baffled across the trays loaded with the product. The trays may either be loaded onto trolleys in stacks of 10-12 or may be stacked individually into the slots of the cabinet. The movement of trays may be manual or mechanically assisted depending on the size and capacity of the dryer. The hot air in almost all cabinet dryers is introduced at the top, and provision is made to recycle the air so that its total drying potential is ntilized by the time it discharges to the atmosphere. A schematic illnstration of a cabinet dryer and its principle of operation are shown in Fignre 24.7. 

In a 5-I, crock or battery jar, provided with a powerful mechanical stirrer, are placed 3.5 1. of water and 249 g. (2.16 moles) of thiophosgenc (p. 86) (Note x). To the vigorously Stirred (Note 2) mixture is added slowly 255 g. (2 moles) of /)-chloroaniline during about one-half hour. The stirring is continued for about an additional half-hour. The dark brown oil is separated, washed with 50 cc. of 10 per cent hydrochloric acid, and placed in a flask for steam distillation. 

A recent development in heat recovery has been the heat tube. This is a sealed metal tube which has been evacuated of air and contains a small quantity of liquid which, for boiler applications, could be water. When heat from the flue gases is applied to one end of the heat pipes the water in the tube boils, turning to steam and absorbing the latent heat of evaporation. The steam travels to the opposite end of the tube which is surrounded by water, where it gives up its latent heat, condenses and returns to the heated end of the tube. Batteries of these tubes can be arranged to form units, usually as a water jacket around a section of a flue. 

Partial waterlogging of heater batteries can lead to early failure due to differential thermal expansion. Steam trap selection should take account of this. 

The steam economy of an A/-stage battery is approximately 0.8A/ lb evaporation/lb of outside steam. 

Miller divides the plant into four areas Battery Limits, Storage and Handling, Utilities, and Services. The last three can often be estimated separately. They are a function of size of the facility and do not depend on the type of product being made. For instance, a steam plant, a warehouse, or an office building are the same... 

In 1900, there were only a few thousand motor vehicles in the United States and the public had a choice between steam, electric, or gasoline automobiles. A gasoline-based transportation system was not a foregone conclusion. The public had become used to horses and the image of sitting near a boiler, battery or gas tank and moving by a series of explosions, was not attractive. 

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