Static flexibility

The authors believe that electron exchange occurs at every intramolecular collision . Thus, their work should provide the first quantitative measurements of the frequency of intramolecular collision between end-groups attached to flexible chains. According to these authors such frequency reflects an intrinsic property of chain molecules, referred to as the dynamic flexibility, which is a measure of the rate of conformational change. It should be distinguished from the static flexibility, which depends on the multitude of... 

Speaking of polymer chain flexibility we mean the properties of an isolated single molecule exhibited in a dilute polymer solution. Under these conditions, two concepts of flexibflity (and, hence, of rigidity) of chain molecules may be distinguished equilibrium (static) flexibility and kinetic flexibility. 

The static flexibility of a semi-flexible polymer chain is related not only to the potential energy difference Ae, but also to the temperature T. The following quantities are often used to characterize the conformational states of semi-flexible polymer chains. 

Which factor is more important in polymer glass transition, the static flexibility or the dynamic flexibility ... 

For the moment, we focus on Ae. When Ae is smaller than the thermal energy 7,t we say that the chain is statically flexible. This has striking consequences if we look not at one monomer but at the whole chain. Because the relative weight of gaucheltrans conformations is of order unity, the chain is not fiilly stretched. It appears rather as a random coil (Fig. 0.4). 

Our discussion on spatial scales and static flexibility can be extended to temporal scales and dynamic flexibility. If we are interested in large scale motions of the molecule, involving fiequencies a smaller than Ihp, we can still say that the chain is dynamically flexible. 

The vapor pressure, of soHd iodine has been redetermined using the gas current method and by a static method using a flexible metallic diaphragm (27,28). The data from the gas current method are weU represented by equation 2 (27) ... 

Static and Flexible Budgets Overhead cost can significantly affect the profitability of a projec t and is the only cost outside the control of the project manager. The project is expected to contribute a definite amount toward the expenses of the company and will be charged this amount even if the production rate is zero. This is the fixecTcomponent of the overhead cost and will include directly allocable costs such as depreciation and a proportion of general costs such as office salaries and heating. 

Two types of overhead budget are currently in use. The static (often referred to as the fixed) budgeted overhead cost is related to the standard budgeted production rate. The flexible budgeted overhead cost is that shown as the total cost in Table 9-39. Values for intermediate production rates are often obtained by interpolation. This is justifiable only when semivariable costs are a negligibfe part of overhead costs. 

Flexible budgeting is more widely used than static budgeting despite certain logic difficulties. This is so because production in many cases is seasonal and the use of a static production norm might distort evaluation of performance. Variances are the difference between the actual costs expended and the budgeted costs expec ted. Variances are unfavorable if positive and favorable if negative. Any variance should be explained and, if necessaiy, controlled the largest variance should be considered first. 

Static charge generation due to too rapid transfer out of drum or flexible intermediate bulk container (super sack). 

Flexible tubing for high pressure service, equipped with stainless steel overbraid plus tube adapter end connections, is commonly available with a carbon black-loaded PTFE core tube to dissipate static. Numerous other designs of conductive and antistatic tubing are available for low pressure applications. The utility of conductive tubing in preventing fires during transfer of aromatic hydrocarbon liquids is described in [165]. 

The four primary coolant pumps are connected to the secondary shield wall by three-link snubbers designed to be flexible under static applied loads (thus, allowing thermal expansion) but become stiff under dynamic loads that might occur during an earthquake. Accordingly, the system is coupled to the wall under seismic loading. 

Another class of devices used to control the voltage is operated using powered electronic switches to continuously adjust the capacitance and/or inductance in a substation to keep the voltage at precisely the voltage desired. These devices are relatively new in deployment, having been developed with the advent of inexpensive and robust power semiconductor components. These devices are part of a group broadly known as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices and include static var compensators, static synchronous compensators, and dynamic voltage restorers. 

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