State programs

The states of Washington and California have considered a classification of hazardous chemical waste based on risk and have developed a category of extremely hazardous waste (California, 1999 Mehlhaff et al., 1979 NAS/NRC, 1999b). However, the requirements for treatment and disposal of extremely hazardous waste differ little from those applied to other hazardous waste. Thus, the designation of a class of extremely hazardous waste based on relative hazard has had little effect on waste management and disposal. 

Based on the foregoing discussions, management of hazardous chemical waste is essentially not risk-based for the following reasons  

Mixed waste is waste that contains both radionuclides and hazardous chemicals it is not a separate class of waste. This Section discusses mixed waste issues as they relate to waste classification and 

Because mixed waste contains radionuclides and hazardous chemicals, it is subject to dual regulation under AEA and RCRA. Mixed waste generated in commercial activities is regulated under EPA or state RCRA requirements and NRC or comparable Agreement State requirements under AEA. Mixed waste generated by DOE is regulated by DOE under AEA and by EPA or a state under RCRA. This dual regulatory framework has created difficulties for mixed waste 

Some states elect to enforce occupational safety and health themselves. They must develop a program that OSHA will review and approve. Approximately twenty-three states have such programs (see Appendix E for a list and addresses for state plans). If a state has a state plan (program) that is approved, the following conditions must exist  

The state must create an agency to carry out the plan. 

The state s plan must include safety and health standards and regulations. The enforcement of these standards must be at least as effective as the federal plan. 

The state plan must include provisions for the right of entry and inspection of the workplace, including a prohibition on advance notice of inspections. 

The state s plan must also cover state and local government employees. 

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EPA, under Section 3006 of RCRA, may authorize a state to administer and enforce a state hazardous waste program in lieu of the federal Subtitle C program. To receive authorization, a state program must ... 

Be consistent with, and no less stringent than, the federal program and other authorized state programs... 

If the water quality of a water body is potentially affected by a proposed action (e.g., construction of a wastewater treatment plant), a NPDES permit may be required. The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for this program however, in most cases, has turned this responsibility over to the states as long as the individual state program is acceptable. 

Manage tlie state program for oil and chemical spills... 

Cross-disciplinary pioneer awards. The committee recommends that a steady-state program of 25 awards in the three areas identified above be achieved over 5 years, at an average level of 100,000 per award per year. 

The committee recommends that a steady-state program of 15 research excellence awards in chemical engineering be achieved over 3 years. This new mechanism is described in Chapter 10. Because these awards are intended to fund speculative high-potential research, they will probably work best in the milieu of a small research group. Thus, the committee recommends that they be funded at about Level D. The steady-state cost of the initiative would be 1.5 million. 

FIFRA23 imposes a system of pesticide product registrations. Such requirements include premarket review of potential health and environmental effects before a pesticide can be introduced in the United States, reregistration of products introduced prior to the enactment of FIFRA to assess their safety in light of current standards, and classification of pesticides for restricted or general use. Restricted products can be used only by those whose competence has been certified by a state program. 

The CAA compliance deadline may cause companies to install simple end-of-pipe emissions controls, instead of pollution prevention process changes. In order to limit this practice and encourage waste minimization, U.S. EPA allows owners and operators of combustion facilities to request a one-year extension to the compliance period in cases where additional time is needed to install pollution prevention and waste minimization measures that reduce the amount of hazardous waste entering combustion feedstreams.16 Requests for a one-year extension must reasonably document that the waste minimization measures could not be installed in time to meet the three-year compliance period. Decisions to grant the extensions will be made by U.S. EPA or authorized state programs. 

California has more than 1,000 methanol vehicles including cars, trucks, and buses on the road in a state program with auto manufacturers and oil companies. New York City also uses buses that run on methanol. Arizona Checker Leasing uses methanol vehicles with a fleet of 450 M85 fuel flexible vehicles. 

The SDWA was enacted in 1974, with amendments promulgated in 1986 and 1996. The SDWA expanded the role of the federal government to establish national standards for the levels of contaminants in drinking water, creating state programs to... 

State Programs Affecting the Petroleum Refining Industry... 

State Program Requirements Non-compliance and Program Reporting Yes 40 CFR 123.45 EPA 1985b... 

Jorgensen P, and Tyers M (1999) Altered states programmed proteolysis and the budding yeast cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2 610-617. 

WRITE State Programs Connecticut. . California. . New Jersey. . Illinois. . . Minnesota. . . Washington. . . WRITE Industry Program... 

In summary, many of the contaminated sites in the federal or state programs contain similar types of contamination. In most programs, about two thirds... 

Several measures have been implemented by Azerbaijan Government for encouraging the use of alternative energy resources. The State Program On the use of alternative and renewable energy resources in Azerbaijan Republic was adopted by the Decree of the Azerbaijan Republic President dated October 21, 2004. 

REGULATORY OPTIONS-BASED ON EXISTING STATE PROGRAMS... 

RK EQUATION OF STATE PROGRAM FOR GAS DENS CALC 20 Print " RK EQUATION OF STATE PROGRAM FOR GAS DENS CALC" Print Print... 

This work was supported by the Bavarian State program Bay FORREST and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 583). 

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