Starfish egg

Two other pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics, mycalisines A and B (56,57), have been isolated from the sponge Mycale sp. (173). These bioactive marine metaboHtes inhibit cell division of starfish eggs. 

Hagiwara S, Takahashi K (1974) The anomalous rectification and cation selectivity of the membrane of a starfish egg cell. J Membr Biol 75 61-80. 

A 14-membered macrocyclic lactone with a side chain containing unique poly-l,3-diols and bromoolefin units, named oscillariolide (16), was isolated from a marine reddish blue-green alga Oscillatoria sp., which was collected from Gokashowan Bay, Mie Prefecture, Japan, and was cultured in an inorganic medium. Oscillariolide (16) showed inhibition activity of the cell division of fertilized starfish eggs at a concentration of 0.5 gg/ml [37]. 

Thereafter, several compounds closely related to ircinins and variabilin have been isolated [5,6]. Fusetani and co-workers [34] reported the isolation of two compounds, dehydroderivative of ircinin (8) and an isomer of variabilin (9) from the Japanese sponge Cacospongia scalaris. Both compounds inhibited the cell division of fertilised starfish eggs at a concentration of 1.0 pg/ml. This assay is a variation on the test with sea urchin embryos, which can detect DNA and RNA synthesis inhibitors, microtubule assembly and protein synthesis inhibitors, the common leads... 

Additionally, three metabolites of this class of compounds, spongionellin (12), dehydrospongionellin (13) [39] and okinonellin B (14) [40], were isolated from a Japanese sponge of genus Spongionella and were shown to inhibit the cell division of fertilised starfish eggs at 2.0-5.0 pg/ml. From an Australian Dysidea sp. was isolated isopalinurin (15) that possessed inhibitory properties against the protein phosphatase enzyme in chicken forebrain [41]. 

Oscillariolide. C4 Ha9BrOn, Mr 817.90.0. is a macro-lide from cultures of an Oscillatoria sp. (cyanobacterium). At 0.5 pg/mL, O. inhibits the cell division in fertilized starfish eggs. 

Ovolhiols. A group of mercaptohistidines from sea urchin and starfish eggs. 

Sesterterpenes rarely occur in higher plants. 3,7,11,15,19-Pentamethylicosa-2,6-dien-l-ol as an example is found in the leaves of potatoes Solanum tuberosum (So-lanaceae). About 30 sesterterpenes bridged by furan rings, however, are reported to occur in various marine sponges these include (-)-ircinm I from Ircinia oros which acts as an antibacterial, and (+)-8,9-dehydroircinin I from Cacospongia scalaris which inhibits the division of fertilized starfish egg cells. 

Giusti AF, Carroll DJ, Abassi YA, Foltz KR. 1999a. Evidence that a starfish egg Src family tyrosine kinase associates with PLC-gammal SH2 domains at fertilization. Dev Biol 208(1) 189-199. 

Giusti AF, Carroll DJ, Abassi YA, Terasaki M, Foltz KR, Jaffe LA. 1999b. Requirement of a Src family kinase for initiating calcium release at fertilization in starfish eggs. J Biol Chem 274(41) 29318-29322. 

Giusti AF, Foltz KR, Jaffe LA. 2000a. The role of Src family kinases in starfish egg fertilisation. Zygote 8 Suppl 1 S16-17. 

Giusti AF, Xu W, Hinkle B, Terasaki M, Jaffe LA. 2000b. Evidence that fertilization activates starfish eggs by sequential activation of a Src-like kinase and phospholipase cgamma. J Biol Chem 275(22) 16788-16794. 

Mori M, Hara M, Tachibana K, Kisliimoto T. 2006. p90Rsk is required for G1 phase arrest in unfertilized starfish eggs. Development 133(9) 1823-1830. 

Runft LL, Carroll DJ, Gillett J, Giusti AF, O Neill FJ, Foltz KR. 2004. Identification of a starfish egg PLC-gamma that regulates Ca2+ release at fertilization. Dev Biol... 

Sasaki K, Chiba K. 2004. Induction of apoptosis in starfish eggs requires spontaneous inactivation of MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) followed by activation of p38MAPK Mol Biol CeU 15(3) 1387-1396. 

Shilling FM, Carroll DJ, Muslin AJ, Escobedo JA, Williams LT, Jaffe LA. 1994. Evidence for both tyrosine kinase and G-protein-coupled pathways leading to starfish egg activation. Dev Biol 162(2) 590-599. 

Carroll DJ, Ramarao CS, Mehlmann LM, Roche S, Terasaki M, Jaffe LA. 1997. Calcium release at fertilization in starfish eggs is mediated by phospholipase Cgamma. J Cell Biol 138(6) 1303-1311. 

ParkT, Park YS, Rho JR, Kim YH. Structural determination of cerebrosides isolated fi om Asterias amuremis starfish eggs using high-energy collision-induced dissociation of sodium-adducted molecules. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 25 572-8. 

Constit. of gorgonian Acalycigorgia inermis. Inhibits cell division in fertilised starfish eggs. 

Constit. of Acalycigorgia sp. Cytotoxic, inhibits cell division of fertilised starfish eggs. Oil. [a]i, -I- 208° (c, 0.20 in CHCI3). 

Metab. of gorgonian Astrogorgia sp. Inhibits cell division in fertilised starfish eggs. Solid. [(x]jy —16.4 (c, 0.058 in CHCI3). 

Cs is a blocker of the K-channel in skeletal muscle (Beauge et al., 1973), axon (Adelman et al., 1978), eel electroplaques (Ruiz-Manresa et al., 1970) and starfish egg cell (Hagiwara Takahashi,... 

The biological activities of the steroidal saponins from the Japanese starfish Acanthaster planci, Luidia maculata, and Asterias amurensis versicolor have been examined by Fusetani et al. (643) who investigated the effects of 17 saponines on fertilized sea urchin and starfish eggs. These compounds inhibited sea urchin embryos from further development in the morula stage, while starfish eggs were much more resistant. Some of these asterosaponins showed hemolytic effects. The authors discussed the relationship between the structure and the biological activity. 

Fusetani, N., Y. Kato, S. Matsunaga, and K. Hashimoto Bioactive Marine Metabolites. V. Two New Furanosesterterpenes, Inhibitors of Cell Division of the Fertilized Starfish Eggs, from the Marine Sponge Cacospongia scalaris. Tetrahedron Lett. 25, 4941 (1984). 

Co-ARIS means cofactor for acrosome reaction-inducing substance. These saponins are present in the protective jelly of starfish eggs and induce the acrosome reaction depending on the pH and the calcium level of seawater. Associated with a sulfated glycoprotein called ARIS, Co-ARISes have a function similar to that of SAPs for the sea urchins (see Chapter 25 and Hoshi et al., 1988). 

Kato, Y, Fusetani, N., Matsunaga, S., and Hashimoto, K. (1985) Spongionellin and dehydrospongionellin, new furanosesterterpenes which inhibit division of fertilized starfish eggs from marine sponge Spongionella. Chem. Lett., 1521-1524. 

Ohta, S., Okada, H., Kobayashi, H., Oclarit, J.M., and Ikegami, S. (1993) Clathrynamides A, B, and C novel amides from a marine sponge Clathria sp. that inhibit cell division of fertilized starfish eggs. Tetrahedron Lett., 34, 5935—5938. 

Fusetani, N Asano, M Matsimaga, S and Hashimoto, K. (1987b) Acalydxeniolides, norditerpenes which inhibit cell division of starfish eggs, from gorgonian Acalycigorgia inermis. Tetrahedron Lett., 28, 5837-5840. 

Noshigaki, T., Chiba, K., Miki, W., and Hoshi, M. (1996) Structure and functions of asterosaps, sperm-attracting peptides from the jelly coat of starfish eggs. Zygote. 4,237-245. 

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