Starch industrial, analysis

Partial oxidations [104,105] of polysaccharides is commonly done, both during stmctural analysis and to modify their properties. Oxidation introduces both carbonyl and carboxylate functions at different positions, and especially in alkaline systems, can result in chain cleavage, i. e., depolymerization [108]. Oxidation using sodium hypochlorite by itself [109] or in combination with sodium bromide [110] is practiced in the starch industry, both to introduce specific properties into the product and for depol)merization. This oxidation is non-specific. 

The labile nature of the components necessitates that, for fundamental investigations, the starch should preferably be extracted from its botanical source, in the laboratory, under the mildest possible conditions.26 Industrial samples of unknown origin and treatment should not be used. The characterization of the starch would appear to entail (1) dissolution of the granule without degradation, (2) fractionation without degradation, (3) complete analysis of the finer details of structure of the separated components (including the possibilities of intermediate structures between the extremes of amylose and amylopectin), and (4) the estimation of the size, shape, and molecular-weight distribution of these fractions. 

The protocol developed by Holm et al. (1986) was evaluated by analysis of starch content in wheat starch, white wheat flour, whole-grain wheat, and industrially processed wheat products. The major advantage of this protocol over the Basic Protocol is its reduced cost. The chemicals for the reagent preparations and the enzymes are purchased directly from the companies that produce them. The original method did not include RS3 (resistant starch) in its quantitation. A DMSO treatment step has been added (step 4) to solve this problem. 

III. PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF STARCH AND DERIVATIVES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SETTING... 

Starch is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry because, among its other properties, it is readily available, inexpensive, white, and inert. Excipient compatibility studies of starch and various active drugs have been performed using thermal methods of analysis. As an example, starch has been found to be compatible with cephalexin and acetylcysteine using this method of excipient screening. 

Particle size distribution analysis was considered, in one of the latest Pittsburgh Conferences, as one of the most outstanding trends in analytical science. This is not an overstatement, as most of the real samples of analytical interest occur either in dispersed form or in dispersed matrices. Just for argument s sake, in industrial applications the characterization of the size of sample particles is routine and is an essential part of the overall quality control procedures. In the medical field, for particles used to carrier drugs, the size is a critical performance factor (e.g., liposomes). In the food industry, the alcoholic yield from fermentation of starch, and even the taste of chocolate, depends on the size of particles of which these samples are composed. 

Previous articles in this Series dealt with etherifications of cellulose, and an atlas on infrared analysis includes spectral data for various cellulose ethers. The preparation and industrial importance of starch ethers have been reviewed. The degree of substitution of cellulose ethers may be determined by differential thermal analysis. Where an endothermic or exothermic peak that is characteristic of the cellulose derivative occurs in the analysis curve, the peak height and area have been shown to correlate with the degree of substitution. 

Early work on the esterification of cellulose and starch has already been discussed in this Series, and an atlas on infrared analysis includes data on and spectra of a number of cellulosic esters. The preparation, properties, and industrial importance of starch esters have been reviewed such derivatives are of great use in the food industry. ... 

Tanthapanichakoon W. and Srivotanai C., Analysis and simulation of an industrial flash dryer in a Thai Manioc Starch Plant, Drying 96 Proceeding of the 10th International Drying Symposium, A, pp. 373-380,1996. 

Carbohydrate hydrocolloids As hydrocolloids constitute the majority of polysaccharides encountered in industry and research, the methods of analysis that apply variously to components of this group, including starch that is strictly in a category of its own on account of the overwhelming quantities used, embrace virtually all aspects of polysaccharide analysis. Glycoconjugates require certain additional, special procedures that are considered in the section that follows this account. 

In every area of its use and manufacture, a need exists for measurement of starch. The industrial preparation of starch is based on wet-milling, and the efficiency of the process determines the purity of the final product. Analysis of the starting raw material, the starch, all by-products, and the factory waste-water, is necessary to assess the separation procedure. Starchy foods are favored by nutritionists, and labeling of foods with compositional data becomes the norm. 

Sago starch with ZnO-NR films exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against 5. aureus, suggesting these nanocomposites have potential applications as active packaging materials in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Rahman et al. (2013) used concentration of ZnO-NR between zero and 10 wt% to incorporate into a thermoplastic sago starch matrix. Initially, the authors showed no filler particles agglomeration in all film samples indicating an uniform distribution of the nanorods into the starch film. Unusually, FTIR analysis revealed that there was no presence... 

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