Standard deviation, All

Because of some peak tailing, the number of theoretical plates was based on peak width at one-half peak height Ns5.S4 he pooled standard deviation (all temperatures) of retention time measurements (dfs34) was t 0.007 minutes. 

Results are the means of three replicates standard deviation. All samples exhibited significantly higher phytotoxicity than the controls (p < 0.005, student s umpaired f-test). 

The standard deviation equals the square root of the variance V. This parameter, symbolized variously as S, s, or (T, is easier to visualize than the variance. Statisticians prefer to analyze a system in terms of variance. However, chemists and biochemists favor standard deviation which allows one to present the value for a particular set of measurements and its standard deviation, all in the same units. 

The PSpice Gaussian distribution specifies the nominal value and the standard deviation. All part distributions are limited to 4a since the probability of finding a resistor outside this range is extremely small. The model below describes a 5% resistor with a Gaussian distribution ... 

Sensory scores 1 similar to pumpout juice, 10 similar to reference juice. Actual data presented as mean standard deviation. All mixtures were prepared by adding components to bland orange juice drink at levels reported by Ahmed et al. (30). 

Standardise this matrix, and explain why this transformation is important. Why is it normal to use the population rather than the sample standard deviation All calculations below should be performed on this standardised data matrix. 

Standardise, using the population standard deviation, all the variables. Perform PC A separately on the 8x31 matrix and on the 8 x 6 C matrix. Retain the first two PCs, plot the scores and loadings of PC2 versus PCI of each of the blocks, labelling die points, to give four graphs. Comment. 

Some values include 1 a standard deviation all values are expressed as %o. Values reported by Meador et al (2007) are from 2 m and 1000 m depth for surface and mid-depth values, respectively (analytical error on these measurements are 0.5%o). The data for Arctic Ocean samples were taken from Table 3.1 ofBenner et al. (2005) and exclusively represent Nordic sea surfrce (<250 m), Arctic Ocean mid depth (200—600 m), and Arctic Ocean deep (>1000 m) samples because these were the only samples that were considered to be truly marine. 

Figure 2. Effect of increasing fulvic acid concentration on the surface tension and apparent solubility of DDT and pyrene. The solid line indicates the position of the FA CMC. When present errors bars represent 1 standard deviation, all others are less than the height of the symbol.

We then have a list of indices b, k, /, the associated intensities, and their standard deviations. All we now need are the phases to reconstruct the electron density by a Fourier transformation. 

Normal distribution theory states that the chances of falling outside these control limits is 0.27%. If the subgroup ranges or standard deviations all fall within the upper and lower control limits, then there is evidence that the process variability is stable. It is unlikely that any point would fall beyond the control limits purely due to chance causes. Likewise, if the chart for subgroup averages shows all the points within the control limits, then the process is stable with... 

Justification of the choice of independent variables. All reasonable parameters must be validated by an appropriate statistical procedure (e.g., by stepwise regression analysis). The best equation is normally the one with the lowest standard deviation, all terms being significant (indicated by the 95% confidence intervals or by a sequential F test). Alternatively, the equation with the highest overall F value may be selected as the best model (nowadays crossvalidation and/or F-scrambling are recommended as validation tools). 

Figure 4.3. Sulfate concentration in the study lakes expressed as the z-scored value (difference from the mean divided by the standard deviation). All lakes have similar long-term patterns. Data are based on annual averages with n= 6-12 samples per lake per year...

The variations in bone s elastic properties cited earlier above due to location is appropriately illustrated in Table 47.3, where the mean values and standard deviations (all in GPa) for all g orthotropic Qj are given for bovine cortical bone at each aspect over the entire length of bone. 

On the Fig. 7 there is correct evaluation with relative values (standard deviation to average, by 100%) the biggest error (standard deviation in %) has the calculation without continuation with resource area (the third group of values), then the calculation with continuation with resource area (the fourth group of values). Results of grid with No backup have much lower standard deviation - all values of nodes are less one percent. 

Specimens slightly dehydrated owing to unavoidably long dissection. Mean standard deviation. All percentage values refer to w/w. 

We now use Table 8.3 to find the critical value Xc = 9.49 for p = 0.05 and dof = 4 (one less than the number of tested Vj values). Since Hg < we can not reject [H(, all Vj values are equal] and thus can proceed on the assumption that the variances (and thus standard deviations) all belong to the same normal distribution at the 95% confidence level. 

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