Standard apparatus and unit parts

No useful purpose would be served by including in this book a detailed li.st of the chemical and physical properties of glasses. The testing conditions may vary appreciably, which makes it difficult to arrive at meaningful comparisons. Besides, all the specifications required are given in the catalogues of the glassware manufacturers [1 ]. 

Extensive tables of constants can be found in the publications of Monch [2] and Eitel et al. [3]. A paper prepared at the Central Laboratory of the V B der Glas-industrie (Association of the Glassware Manufacturers), Ilmenau, GDR [4], contains the constants of chemical glasses as compared with those of porcelain, metals and plastics. Also, applications of glass as a constructional material and the ])roj)erties of glass fibres and products made of glass fibres are exhaustively dealt with. 

For the uses of semi-technical glass apparatus in the laboratorj and in pilot plants the reader is referred to the pajrers of Rieger [5]. By using special tjqres of glass it is possible to make apparatus capable of withstanding distillation pressures up to 4.3 kg/cm [6]. The use of porcelain in the laboratory has been discussed by Kaminel [7]. 

Engler dietillation apparatus with standard ground joint 

Vacuum distiUation apparatus with. Claisen flask 

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Cucumber fruits were studied by using the same analytical approach as they contain only five key volatiles and their concentration in cucumber tissue seems to be less variable than in tomato (see, for example. Ref. 12). Table 4 shows the El and API correlations for the five compounds each one could be attributed to a single ion mass on the API, and calibration with authentic standards allowed conversion of the ion signal into concentration units (parts per billion by volume). The amount of the Cg volatiles present in the macerated tissue was estimated by microwaving a sample of cucumber to inactivate the enzyme system that produces Cg and Cg volatile compounds. Inactivation was confirmed by APIMS analysis of the headspace above the treated samples. Microwaved samples were macerated after spiking them with known amounts of the Cg volatiles, then measuring volatile compound release in the blender apparatus. The values obtained from the spiked standards were then compared with the release traces from cucumber samples and the amounts of nonenal and nona-2,4-dienal estimated as 5 and 8mg/kg fresh tissue, respectively. These values compare well with the... 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

It is a fact of experience that pressurized apparatus should be fitted with a control and monitoring unit to ensure an appropriate purging procedure and maintain the protective gas flow and pressure differential which guarantee the safe operation of the apparatus. Purely hand-operated purging procedures are susceptible to errors and slips, and a permanently man-operated flow or pressure control for the protective gas is too remote from all basic principles of economic efficiency. Besides, the standards for pressurization contain requirements for safety devices for zone 1 apparatus (EN 50016) and for type px, py and pz-apparatus (IEC 60079-2, see Table 6.7). So, a safety device, or better a control and monitoring unit, is an essential part of a p-apparatus especially for Group I application and for zone 1. It is by no means an imperative that the control unit forms an integral part of the apparatus or has been made by its manufacturer pressurized apparatus without a control unit shall be marked X and the description documents shall contain all necessary information required by the user to ensure conformity with the requirements of the p-standards. 

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