Stamens, color

There are a few members of the passionflower family (Passifloraceae) that have psychotropic effects. The one most studied is Pass flora incarnata, although some work has been done on Pass flora coerulea and Passiflora edulis. P. incarnata is a colorful, flowering plant with five white or lavender petals, a purple or pink corona, and five brightly colored stamen (Gruenwald et al. 1998). The parts of the plants used for medicinal effect are the whole plant or aerial parts. It is native to the mid- to southeastern United States. Passionflower has a history with Native Americans as a poultice to treat bruises, and as a tea for sedative/anxiolytic effects (Kowalchick and Hylton 1987). It is one of the most common herbs commercially available in Britain (Tyler 1994). 

Stamens six inner perianth actinomorphic bracts often colored ovary inferior to superior.1.Order Bromeliales... 

Instead of using a metallic dust, you can use a contrasting frosting color for the stamen. For pink flowers, a pale acid yellow looks... 

The stamens of Crocus sativus (Indian saffron) have been nsed primarily as a coloring and flavoring agent. Its potential nse as an anticancer agent has been reviewed (1,2). No risks have been documented for daily doses up to 1.5 g, but 5 g is toxic, 10 g is abortive, and 20 g is lethal. 

Color of Stamens.—In most spedes the color of these organs is seldom pronounced owing to their delicate structure. It varies from greenish-yellow to yellow to white, through pink, pinkish-red, red, purple, purple-blue to blue. It is yellow, for instance, in Sassafras, Cucumber and Golden Club greenish-yellow, yellow to red, in Maples yellow-pink to pink and pinkish-red, in some Mallows in Azalea amena the filaments are crimson-purple and the anthers, purple-blue in the genus Scilla both filaments and anthers are blue. 

XI. Order Ranales.—MagnoUacea or Magnolia Family.—Trees and shrubs having alternate leaves and single large flowers with calyx and corolla colored alike. Sepals and petals deciduous, anthers adnate. Carpels and stamens numerous. Bark aromatic and bitter. Fruit a collection of follicles dehiscing dorsally. 

The flower is radial with four erect, prominent sepals, and four petals which alternate with the sepals in the form of a cross (Fig. 4-3). Note the receptive surface of the stigma centered within the four inner stamens, the two outer stamens, and the four petals forming a cross from which the Cru-ciferae family derives its name. The petal color is normally pale yellow, but several shades of yellow have been identified and numerous genes have been reported to affect flower color (Morice, 1960 Alam and Aziz, 1954). There are six stamens, the two outer stamens being distinctly shorter than the inner four which surround the stigma. There are four nectaries spaced equidistant and between the two whorls of stamens. Two of the nectaries are at the base of the two outer stamens. 

Several species in the family Commelinaceae, of which Tradescantia is a member, have features particularly well suited for certain radiobiological studies. Effects produced by ionizing radiations which are easily studied include (1) chromosome aberrations in microspores, root tips, ovaries, and stamen hairs (2) somatic mutations in petals and stamen hairs in clones heterozygous for flower color (3) pollen abortion (4) loss of reproductive integrity in stamen hairs and (5) whole plant or seedling death. The stamen hairs of Tradescantia clone 02 have also proved... 

Although many tissues or organs of this plant may be used efficiently in various experimental procedures (Table 1), this chapter will be concerned primarily with a detailed description of the procedures currently being used in handling the Tradescantia clone 02 stamen-hair system. Certain other Tradescantia clones, heterozygous for flower color, may be handled in the same way. >26,29,31)... 

These flower colors and the color of the stamen hairs may vary greatly in intensity. These intensity changes are probably due to variations in the growing conditions i.e., it was observed that petal color appears intensified in plants grown at cooler temperatures and more dilute at higher temperatures. Occasionally, faintly colored flowers or stamen hairs show up among deeply hued flowers in both experimental and control cuttings. In most cases, these should be discarded. 

Although there are many advantages offered by the stamen-hair system, it is of particular interest because it has a eukaryotic nucleus, is heterozygous for blue-pink flower color genes, and may be employed in numbers sufficient to detect very low levels of radiation (and presumably of chemical mutagens) that might not be practical with many other types of organisms. Consideration of numbers of stamen hairs scored in several previous radiation experiments at several dose levels and the standard deviations obtained made it possible to calculate numbers of stamen hairs theoretically needed to come within desired limits of error down to very low doses. 

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