Stakeholder influence

Examples of criteria for evaluating the subjectivity of choices are choice space, intersubjectivity among peers and among stakeholders, influence of situational limitations (e.g. money, tools and time) on choices, sensitivity of choices to the analysts interests and influence of choices on results. These criteria are detailed in Table 3. 

Choice space Intersubjectivity among peers and among stakeholders Influence of situational limitations on choices Sensitivity of choices to the analysts interests Influence of choices on results... 

Internal context Time, organizational objective, project process, activity and associate objective, schedule control, company standards or policy, contractual obligation, stakeholder influence, product reputation, and liability... 

The analysis plan should specify not only how the analysis will be conducted, but also how the results will be presented. Indeed, the way results will be communicated will usually influence the choice of both model structure and analysis method and is ultimately driven by the information needs of risk managers and other stakeholders and their management goals (see Figure 2.2). Careful advance planning for the communication of results is especially important for probabilistic assessments because they are more complex than deterministic assessments and less familiar to most audiences. It may be beneficial to present probabilistic and deterministic assessments together, to facilitate familiarization with the newer approaches. 

Notwithstanding this overlapping of interests, physicians and the pharmaceutical industry each have a different emphasis and they focus on different stakeholders. The pharmaceutical companies principal emphasis is the encouragement of the use of their products the physicians primary emphasis is effective patient care. The primary stakeholder in patient care is the patient while the principal stakeholder in industry is the shareholder (Komesaroff and Kerridge 2002). However, the relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry is often more complex, as each party may be influenced by a variety of different interests and stakeholders, e.g., community welfare. 

The same understanding of what is critical, of what is an infrastructure and of what is entailed by the protection measures, have been a matter of discussion within countries and at the international level. These definitions, which are political in nature, more than technological, are influenced by the different perspectives taken by the problem stakeholders for instance, national defense, law enforcement, business continuity, and information assurance are four different domains that have their say on CIP. Moreover, even within governments there have been disagreements among the various policy standpoints—mainly originating from the requisite to link CIP initiatives with other on-going policies e.g., anti-terrorism, civil protection, security of supply, etc. 

In a final step, both exposure assessors and risk managers and eventually the involved stakeholders should understand the range of factors influencing the subjectivity of choices and assumptions of exposure assessors. 

A characteristic of the uncertainty, also called value-ladenness of choices. It is used for qualitative characterization of the source of uncertainty. The subjectivity of choices expresses the influence of the choices made during the exposure assessment, including the influence of situational limitations (e.g. money and time) on choices, the analysts interests and the subjectivity among peers and stakeholders. 

Influence of situational NA Stakeholders could lobby for different choices (e.g. ages,... 

Should public values influence levels of spending and control There is little point in gathering stakeholder opinion if these opinions will not inform the specification in any way or the levels of activity in developing a standard. Moreover, the development of a specification may critically depend on the activities of stakeholders (such as in providing data to develop the standard) or understanding who is responsible for enforcement. Clarification on these points will prevent problems later in the process. 

The research investigated the potential for negotiation and compromise between the actors. The project also examined the influence that regulators and stakeholder groups have on the efficacy, efficiency, effectiveness and equity of implementing a risk-reduction strategy (RRS) (Section 2.3.4). Ultimately, the tolerability of a RRS depends on such group dynamics (Sections 1.2 and 2.3.4). 

Key Stakeholders These are individuals who have direct influence over the project, or who will be directly affected by it, and who can influence other stakeholders, employees, vendors, and even customers. 

Power/Influence Category This column tracks how much power the stakeholder has in the organization, relative to the influence they hold over the project. Skip it until step 3. 

Now that you know who your stakeholders are, and to what degree they support the project, you need to decide where to focus the majority of your stakeholder management efforts. Using a power and influence map, indicate where each stakeholder lies relative to their power in the organization... 

EXHIBIT 8.2 (Downloadable). Stakeholders in Quadrant A have high power in the organization and a lot of influence over the project, making them the most important to manage. 

Rieger has high power in the organization but less influence over the innovation deployment than most other stakeholders (Exhibit 8.2). Thus, any resistance on her part will be less consequential than those who have more control over the deployment. 

After filling out the power and influence matrix, return to the stakeholder diagnostic and fill in the remaining items ... 

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