Stabilisers flame retardants

Polymers blended with non-polymeric additives form subclass Bl. It can be distinguished into subgroup Bll, the plasticized or "soft" PVC and subgroup B12, the filled polymers, with fillers such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide, etc. A filler usually is cheaper than the polymeric main component it can constitute as much as 40% by weight of the material. Other additives, such as pigments, accelerators, hardeners, stabilisers, flame-retardants, lubricating agents, etc. are used in much lower concentrations (functional composites). 

Free radical modifiers and complexing Antiskin. Heat stabilisers, flame retardants. Antioxidants Oximes and ketoximes. Hindered phenols ceric and antimony oxide. HALS (tetramethylpiperidine)... 

Chlorinated paraffins (mainly CPVC) are widely used in PVC to have greater resistance to ignition and combustion than general purpose plasticisers. However, the effects of chloroparaffins on health is still a controversial issue and their use as flame retarders in PVC applications for cables, wall coverings and flooring are declining [23]. For more information and health effects of stabilisers, flame-retarders, please see Chapter 3. 

Ingredients such as stabilisers, flame retardants, colourants, plasticisers, and so on., are mixed with the polymer during compounding. 

The properties of polymers may be improved by the presence of appropriately selected additives. Types of additives and their purposes vary and the exact proportions and nature of the additives need some experimentation. Commercial plastics are mixtures of more polymers along with a variety of additives such as plasticisers, thermal stabilisers, flame retardants, processing lubricants and fillers. Specific applications or processing requirements depend on the exact formulation [1, 8]. 

Semi-volatile and non-volatile additives in polycarbonate (PC) and PC/polybutylene terephthalate blends have been determined without chromatographic separation using a particle beam interface for direct introduction of the samples into the mass spectrometer. Antioxidants, UV stabilisers, flame retardants, and slip agents were among the additives determined. The key to this approach was the speed and simplicity of identifying multiple additives in a single matrix [134]. 

Svnolite 6816-N-1 An MMA modified, UV stabilised flame retardant resin satisfying Ml (French) and designed for translucent roof sheeting. ... 

An unaccelerated, UV stabilised, flame retardant system for the machine manufacture of translucent sheeting. 

Mossbauer spectroscopy is one of the techniques that is not frequently used in in-polymer additive analysis. Nevertheless it may yield very useful information on a number of important additives (mainly stabilisers, flame retardants and plasticisers) using Mossbauer isotopes such as Fe(Co), and... 

Flame retardants are added to reduce the flammability of PE. The unmodified PE grades have a 94 horizontal burn rating up to 0.8 mm thickness. Suitable flame-retardant grades with V-O rating at 3.2 mm thickness are available from compounders. Flame retardants can reduce the processability and interfere with the function of certain hindered amines as light stabilisers. Flame-retardant grades are generally not suitable for use in food contact applications. 

Formulations for one-shot polyether systems are similar to those used for flexible foams and contain polyether, isocyanate, catalyst, surfactant and water. Trichloroethyl phosphate is also often used as a flame retardant. As with polyesters, diphenylmethane di-isocyanate is usually preferred to TDI because of its lower volatility. Tertiary amines and organo-tin catalysts are used as with the flexible foams but not necessarily in combination. Silicone oil surfactants are again found to be good foam stabilisers. Volatile liquids such as trichlorofluoro-methane have been widely used as supplementary blowing agents and give products of low density and of very low thermal conductivity. 

Worldwide consumption of performance additives (excluding plasticisers) grew from just over 2.7 mt in 1996 to 3.6 mt in 2001. Flame retardants make up 31 % of the volume and stabilisers, impact modifiers and lubricants each account for around 16-17%. Flame retardant markets (construction, E E devices, automotive) are headed for unprecedented development and change, being threatened by environmental, health... 

More recently, the same author [41] has described polymer analysis (polymer microstructure, copolymer composition, molecular weight distribution, functional groups, fractionation) together with polymer/additive analysis (separation of polymer and additives, identification of additives, volatiles and catalyst residues) the monograph provides a single source of information on polymer/additive analysis techniques up to 1980. Crompton described practical analytical methods for the determination of classes of additives (by functionality antioxidants, stabilisers, antiozonants, plasticisers, pigments, flame retardants, accelerators, etc.). Mitchell... 

Flame retardant Thermal stabiliser Light stabihser... 

Various types of additives are essential to give plastics new or enhanced properties. However, the safety of flame retardants, plasticisers and stabilisers, as regards potential health hazards, is attracting attention. Brome-based flame retardants have been the subject of safety disputes for several years and several substitutes have been developed. The shift to lead-free stabilisers is making further progress. 

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