Squibb, firm

As prosperous as these old Philadelphia firms were, their preeminence was about to be challenged by an ambitious physician named Edward Robinson Squibb (1819-1900) (Figure 5.6). There is some irony in the fact that Squibb received his medical degree in 1845, the same year William T. G. Morton publicly demonstrated the use of ether as an anesthetic, because Squibb built his career on ether. Squibb s research set the standard for quality ether, exceeding even those set by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia In 1856 he gave the world a much-improved ether stiU apparatus capable of batch-producing ether of much purer and uniform strength.37... 

By the middle of the twentieth century, the old-line pharmaceutical companies, as they were termed, occupied the center of the American medical drug industry. These firms—Eli Lilly, Abbott, SmithKline French, Squibb, and Upjohn, all descended from the integrated wholesaler/manufacturers of the late-nineteenth century—increasingly producing drugs for doctors and... 

The net returns to both the NIH scientists and the commercial firm rise and fall directly with the ultimate price of the product to consumers (individual patients and their private and public health insurers). The PHS policy governing exclusive licenses, including those granted under CRADAs, requires that prices of commercial products be commensurate with the extent of public investment in the product, and the health and safety needs of the public (486). The policy further states that licensees may be required to provide reasonable evidence to support their pricing decisions, To date, this policy has been implemented only in one case—the antiviral ddl, manufactured under an exclusive license by Bristol-Myers Squibb. 

The three HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors currently available in the United States are manufactured by two firms lovastatin and simvastatin by Merck, and pravastatin by Bristol-Myers Squibb. NHLBI invited each of the manufacturers to submit proposals to NIH for the use of their drugs in the trial. Because NHLBI considered the two companies proposals to be equivalent, it suggested using both companies products. 

CPD did only primary processing to separate its isotopes into pure form it did not take the extra steps to produce a much more valuable final product for medical use. Instead, it sold its bulk isotopes - chiefly calcium-45, chlorine-36, gold-198, iodine-131, iridium-192, phosphorous-32, and sulphur-35 — to pharmaceutical firms, such as Charles Frosst (later Merck Frosst) in Montreal, Squibb in New York City, and Mallinckrodt in St Louis, Missouri, which processed them into usable medical products. 

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