Springs, chemical compositions

Garrels, R. M. and Mackenzie, F. T. (1967). Origin of the chemical compositions of some springs and lakes. In "Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems" (W. Stumm, ed.). Advances in Chemistry Series 67, pp. 222-274. American Chemical Society, Washington. 

Range of chemical compositions of geothermal waters discharged from some production wells and Osorezan hot spring (Izawa and Aoki, 1991)... 

Chemical composition of some typical hot spring waters at Osorezan (concentration in ppm Aoki, 1992b)... 

Lithium in Natural Waters. In 1825-26 Berzelius determined the lithium content of several mineral waters from Bohemia and found as much as a centigram of lithium carbonate in every bottle of the water from the Kreuzbrunn Spring at Marienbad (58, 59, 60). One of the first spectroscopic analyses ever made resulted in the detection of lithium in sea water. In a letter to Sir Henry Roscoe written on November 15, 1859, Robert Bunsen mentioned that the spectroscope could be used to determine the chemical composition of the sun and fixed stars. Substances on the earth, he added, can be determined by this method just as easily as on the sun, so that, for example, I have been able to detect lithium in twenty grams of sea water (61). 

CAOUTCHOUC,—The qualities of sulphurised caoutchouc are described in column 2, page 448, vol. 1 — Allowing the chemical composition of caoutchouc to be Cfl II, the formula of the best vulcanised rubber car-springs ie found to he Very near—. ... 

Origin of the Chemical Compositions of Some Springs and Lakes... 

Saarikoski S, Sillanpaa M, Sofiev M, Timonen H, Saamio K, Teinila K, Karppinen A, Kukkonen J, Hillamo R (2007) Chemical composition of aerosols during a major biomass burning episode over northern Europe in spring 2006 experimental and modelling assessments. Atmos Environ 41 3577-3589... 

Anttila P, Makkonen U, Hellen H, Kyllonen K, Leppanen S, Saari H, Hakola H (2008) Impact of the open biomass fires in spring and summer of 2006 on the chemical composition of background air in south-eastern Finland. Atmos Environ 42 6472-6486... 

Nishikawa, O., Okrugin, V., Belkova, N. et al. (2006) Crystal symmetry and chemical composition of yukonite TEM study of specimens collected from Nalychevskie hot springs, Kamchatka, Russia and from Venus mine, Yukon Territory, Canada. Mineralogical Magazine, 70(1), 73-81. 

When the experimentalist set an ambitious objective to evaluate micromechanical properties quantitatively, he will predictably encounter a few fundamental problems. At first, the continuum description which is usually used in contact mechanics might be not applicable for contact areas as small as 1 -10 nm [116,117]. Secondly, since most of the polymers demonstrate a combination of elastic and viscous behaviour, an appropriate model is required to derive the contact area and the stress field upon indentation a viscoelastic and adhesive sample [116,120]. In this case, the duration of the contact and the scanning rate are not unimportant parameters. Moreover, bending of the cantilever results in a complicated motion of the tip including compression, shear and friction effects [131,132]. Third, plastic or inelastic deformation has to be taken into account in data interpretation. Concerning experimental conditions, the most important is to perform a set of calibrations procedures which includes the (x,y,z) calibration of the piezoelectric transducers, the determination of the spring constants of the cantilever, and the evaluation of the tip shape. The experimentalist has to eliminate surface contamination s and be certain about the chemical composition of the tip and the sample. 

Schumacher, M., Christl, I., Vogt, R. D., Barmettler, K., Jacobsen, C., and Kretzschmar, R. (2006). Chemical composition of aquatic dissolved organic matter in five boreal forest catchments sampled in spring and fall seasons. Bio geochemistry 80, 263-275. 

Shulman, G.E. (1957). Characteristics of the chemical composition of Azov anchovy during spring and wintering migrations (In Russian). Rybnoye Khozyaistvo 1957 (8), 68-70. 

Table 6.2 Chemical Composition of the Green Mice Springs Complex (meq/1) ...

For inverse modeling there is never just one correct solution but a number of possible ways, one of which is shown here. No model could be found explaining the chemical composition of the spring only from the influence of the crystalline basement or just from the Quaternary, as might have been assumed from the location of the spring. 

Carrels, R.M. and Mackenzie, F.T. Origin of the chemical compositions of some springs and lakes. p. 222-242,... 

Solubility calculations were added for two allophanes, for which the equilibrium constants and formulae are a function of pH. Paces (74) found cold ground waters collected from springs in granitic rocks of the Bohemian Massif of Czechoslovakia to be supersaturated with respect to kaolinite while being unsaturated with respect to amorphous silica. He interpreted this as an indication that a metastable aluminosilicate more soluble than kaolinite was controlling the concentrations of alumina and silica in these waters. This aluminosilicate was further hypothesized to be of varied chemical composition, controlled by the mole... 

Katz B. G. (1989) Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water, springs, and groundwater, Catoctin mountains, Maryland. Hydrol. Process. 3, 185-202. 

Mazor, E. and Verhagen, B.T., 1976. Hot springs of Rhodesia their noble gases, isotopic and chemical composition. J. Hydrol., 28 29-43. 

---