Sperm packaging

HAMMOUD ss, NK DA, ZHANG T, PURWAR J, CARRELL DT and CAIRNS BR (2009) Distinctive chromatin in human sperm packages genes for embryo development. Nature, 473 78. 

With the exception of certain viruses, the blueprint for all organisms is contained in code by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a giant macro-molecule whose structure allows a vast amount of information to be stored accurately. We have all arisen from a single cell, the fertilized ovum containing two sets of DNA (packaged with protein to form chromatin), one set from our mother, resident in the nucleus of the unfertilized ovum, the second set from our father via the successful sperm. Every cell in the adult has arisen from this one cell and (with the exception of the germ cell and specialized liver cells) contains one copy of these original chromosome sets. 

Poccia DL, Green GR (1992) Packaging and unpackaging the sea urchin sperm genome. Trends Biochem Sci 17 223-227... 

Dense DNA packaging (a prerequisite for efficient gene transfer) can be achieved by using, for example, protamine sulfate (a trick borrowed from sperm cells,... 

Optical tweezers have since been used to stretch and even unwind DNA unfold the tertiary structure of proteins pull on DNA processing enzymes like RNA polymerase as it walks along DNA resist the force produced by viral capsid packaging motors and manipulate entire mammalian cells, sperms and sub-cellular organelles and vesicles. The applications are manifold and the future possibilities are great. 

Essential oils occur mainly in plants and are produced solely from the same source. The production of essential oils from animals such as musk, civet, and sperm whale has been banned to protect biodiversity. Essential oils and their constituents are indispensable raw materials for the flavor and fragrance industries. Essential oils are either used as such, or a pure aroma chemical or an oil fraction can be added to flavor or fragrance compositions. However, flavor and fragrance industries prefer to use their synthetic derivatives in compounding because of their lower cost. Essential oils also are used in food industries, especially in flavoring sauces and package food (13-21). 

Keywords Phthalates Testosterone Male reproduction Female reproduction Reproductive toxicity Sperm count Plastics Vinyl Polyvinyl chloride PVC Food Food packaging Food contact material Consumer products Children s toys Medical equipment Neonatal intensive care unit Intravenous bags DEP DBP DnBP DiBP BBzP DEHP DINP... 

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