Spectroscopy, first discovered

The photoacoustic effect was first discovered by Alexander Graham Bell in the early 1880s [18], but it was not applied to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy until a century later [19,20], Significant advantages of FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) include the following (1) Spectra may be... 

Joseph Lockyer (1836-1920) was one of the pioneers of solar spectroscopy. In examining the spectra of solar prominences in 1869, Lockyer noticed an absorption line that he could not identify. Reasoning that it represented an element not present on Earth, he proposed a new element - helium, from the Greek word helios for Sun. This idea failed to achieve acceptance from Lockyer s scientific colleagues until a gas having the same mysterious spectral line was found 25 years later in rocks. The helium in terrestrial uranium ore formed as a decay product of radioactive uranium. Thus, this abundant element was first discovered in the Sun, rather than in the laboratory. Lockyer s cosmochemical discovery was recognized by the British government, which created a solar physics laboratory for him. Lockyer also founded the scientific journal Nature, which he edited for 50 years. 

This reaction was first discovered for ethylene glycol by e.s.r. spectroscopy,15-17 and was later confirmed by product analysis18,19 and by pulse radiolysis using optical and polarographic detection20 (see Sect. 

The determination of specific phosphorus compounds in thin films is important. Only through wet chemical analysis was it possible to first discover the presence and then to accurately measure the quantities of P2Os, P203, and phosphine found in plasma, plasma-enhanced, LPO-LTO (low-pressure oxide-low-temperature oxide), and CVD (chemical vapor deposition) processes (3). Methods such as X-ray or FTIR spectroscopy would have seen all phosphorus atoms and would have characterized them as totally useful phosphorus. In plasma and plasma-enhanced CVD films, phosphine is totally useless in doping processes. 

The presence of a fast relaxing intermediate electron acceptor was first discovered when picosecond spectroscopy was applied to the study of photosynthetic systems. A laser flash-induced signal was detected when the primary quinone acceptor was prereduced [18,19], the lifetime of which was so short as to be observed only in the submicrosecond time range. The fast disappearance of the signal can be understood if it is considered that the rate of charge recombination in is very fast... 

A band with a molecular weight of 25 000 of the bacterial oxidoreductase has been identified with the high-potential Fe-S protein, by means of cross reaction with a monospecific antibody against the analogous electron carrier from Neurospora crassa mitochondria. The existence of this type of Fe-S center in photosynthetic bacteria was first discovered by ESR spectroscopy [125] and its involvement in photosynthetic electron transport was demonstrated. The midpoint potential in Rps. sphaeroides is 0.285 V, and is pH dependent above pH 8, with a decrease of 60 mV per pH unit [125]. 

NMR, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, affords one of the richest sources of molecular connectivity information available to the structural chemist Since the inception of NMR, which originated as a curiosity of the physicist when the principle was first discovered just over 50 years ago [1, 2], the discipline has gone on to become universally recognized for its unique capability to precisely define molecular structures through a variety of fundamental parameters. It is entirely safe to say that NMR has become the cornerstone technique for the elucidation of chemical structure. 

The photoelectron effect was first discovered by Henrich Hertz [11] in early 1887 in order to verify the implications of Maxwell s theory and relations. Hertz noticed a spark of light on metal contacts in electrical units when exposed to light. The dawn of a new era actually came in 1905. Albert Einstein brilliantly utilized Planck s new quantum energy concept to explain how low radiation intensity and high frequency can actually eject electrons from a metal piece. The converse failed to produce any electrons. Max Planck received the Nobel Prize on quantization of energy [12] in 1918 and Einstein received the Nobel Prize on photoelectric effect in 1921. The single relationship proposed so long ago by Einstein is still today the fundamental basis of photoelectron spectroscopy,... 

British chemist Sir William Crookes first discovered thallium (Tl) in 1861 while doing spectroscopy on tellurium. He saw beautiful green lines in some leftover waste material from a factory that made sulfuric acid and named the element after the Latin word thallos, meaning budding green twig. It was later isolated in 1862 independently by both Sir William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy. 

The PLLA/PDLA stereocomplex, which is another crystal modification of PLA, was first discovered by Ikada and coworkers [80]. Its structure and physical properties have been studied using a number of different techniques, including infrared spectroscopy [82], optical microscopy [83], calorimetry [84], and X-ray diffraction [85]. Recent reviews by Tsuji and Fukushima et al. summarize the main properties of the stereo complex [86, 87]. 

It is now about 50 years since the phenomena of electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were first discovered. During the last thirty years NMR spectroscopy has developed into perhaps the most important instrumental measuring technique within chemistry. This is due to a dramatic increase in both the sensitivity and the resolution of NMR and ESR instruments. NMR and ESR spectroscopy are used today within practically all branches of chemistry and in related sciences, such as physics, biology,... 

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