Specifications Kletz

Despite the lack of interest in human factors issues in the CPI in the past, the situation is now changing. In 1985, Trevor Kletz published his landmark book on human error in the CPI An Engineer s View of Human Error (revised in 1991). Several other books by the same author e.g., Kletz (1994b) have also addressed the issue of human factors in case studies. Two other publications have also been concerned specifically with human factors in the process industry Lorenzo (1990) was commissioned by the Chemical Manufacturers Association in the USA, and Mill (1992), published by the U.K. Institution of Chemical Engineers. In 1992, CCPS and other organizations sponsored a conference on Human Factors and Human Reliability in Process Safety (CCPS, 1992c). This was further evidence of the growing interest in the topic within the CPI. 

Additional general details on hmnan error can be found in tlie literature. Specific details are available in a classic work by Kletz, an internationally recognized authority and a pioneer in tlie field. ... 

The concept of inherent safety as a specific set of design strategies to eliminate or reduce hazards in the chemical industry was first articulated by Trevor Kletz in the 1970s. Following the Flixborough explosion in England in 1974,... 

The small amount of maintenance required to remove the troublesome spring hangers was not considered a change, because the team did not understand the specifications. Trevor Kletz has often said, People don t know what they don t know. Since people do not know (and cannot always remember) piping specifications, all specifications must be available and kept up-to-date (See Figures 8-6, 8-7, and 8—8). 

During Trevor Kletz s classes, he always wanted to know, Why did it happen at the exact time that it did This question is not looking for the specific chronological time, but relates to a unique time when some significant manpower, process, or hardware conditions were different from normal. It could be a time when a new catalyst was used, when the vessel that had just been opened and contained an undetected heel of fuming solids, or operating when the protective analyzer was out of service. 

The concept of inherently safer design was first proposed by Kletz, who developed a set of specific design principles for the chemical industry [92] (see also [50]), but it has been publicized and promoted later by many technologists from petrochemical and chemical companies such as Dow, Rohm and Haas, ExxonMobil, and many others. A relevant source of information is the book Inherently Safer Chemical Processes A Life Cycle Approach [49]. 

Although Kletz was not specifically talking about the UK construction industry when he made this statement, he might as well have been. Getting stuck in and getting the job done can be seen as one of our industry s most positive characteristics - nothing can t be done - but it has also arguably contributed to one of the worst safety records in UK occupational safety. 

Although companies in the process industries have always worked on the identification and control of hazards, the formal discipline of PHA, specifically the HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) method, was not developed until the 1960s by process plant professionals in the United Kingdom, many of whom worked for the company ICI (Lawley, 1976 Knowlton, 1992 Kletz, 1997). More recent guidance is provided in ISO 17776 (2000). 

A further specification of FAFR (3) represents the number of fatalities occurring in 10 work hours. It is the number of deaths from industrial injuries in a group of 1,000 persons during their working lives (Kletz 1977). Working life is fixed at 50 years, working hours per year are 2,000 ... 

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