Specific dynamic effect

Karamushko, L.I. (1993). Influence of nutrition on metabolic rates and specific dynamic effect in cod, wolf-fish and plaice (In Russian). Zoologicheskii Zhumal 72, 106-115. 

Yarzhombek, A.A., Shcherbina, T.V., Shmakov, N.F. and Gusseinov, A.G. (1983). Specific dynamic effect of food on metabolism of fish (In Russian). Voprosy Ikhtiologii 23,639-645. 

It has been noted that protein ingestion can effect a rise of basal metabolism. In addition to the normal turnover, 15-20% of the overall caloric intake is converted to heat. Rubner called this a specific-dynamic effect, a rather unfortunate term, for its specificity is obscure and it is debatable whether there is a dynamic effect. Today one would say that the regulation of metabolism has been influenced, but the site of the effect cannot be defined., ... 

Thermic effect of food It has long been observed that eating a meal increases energy expenditure, a phenomenon also known as diet-induced thermogenesis or specific dynamic action. The increase depends on the type and quantity of food consumed. As an example, the effect of a carbohydrate-rich meal on the oxygen consumption of volunteers before and after exercise is shown in Figure 2.5. 

Although numerous studies (1-3) have described work aimed at establishing criteria for the durability of adhesive joints, a thorough understanding of effects of the chemical and mechanical properties, on the durability of adhesive bonds is lacking. More specifically, the effects of surface preparation and dynamic loading, especially under environmental service conditions, has not been explored in detail for automotive structures. In this paper, a description of the effects of environment on the durability of adhesive bonds is presented. Particular attention is given to... 

Femtosecond spectroscopic investigations in the spectral range 400-880 ran have permitted to discriminate specific OH effects on the dynamics of short lived UV excited CTTS states and transient near-IR (HO e )H20 pairs. The complex nature of ultrafast prehydration elementary redox reactions with nascent OH radical (strong acid) must be contemplated in the framework of ion-pairs dynamics, ion-solvent correlation function, short-range ordering water molecules, solvent screening or anisotropic electric field effects and short-time vibronic couplings. 

The energy generated by metabolism of the macronutrients is used for three energy-requiring processes that occur in the body resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food (formerly termed specific dynamic action), and physical activity. 

Jobling, M. and Davies, S.P. (1980). Effects of feeding on metabolic rate and the specific dynamic action in plaice. Journal of Fish Biology 16,629-638. 

Many micromagnetic investigations focus on the optimization of the magnet s nanostructure, in order to tailor its magnetic properties for specific applications. For these studies dynamic effects are less important and static energy minimization techniques can be applied. 

We showed previously that a simple model for the ion-hydration interactions, which separates the ion-hydration forces in a long-range term due to the behavior of water as a continuous dielectric (the screened image force) and a short-range term due to the discreetness of the water molecules (SM/SB), can explain almost quantitatively a number of phenomena related to the electrolyte interfaces.6 In this article, we examined the limitations of the model in predicting the distributions of ions near the air/water interface, by comparison with molecular dynamics simulations. It is clear that the real ion-hydration forces are more complicated than the simple model employed here however, the interfacia] phenomena (including specific ionic effects) can be understood, at least qualitatively, in terms of this simple approach. 

Contents 1. Introduction 104 2. Theory 106 2.1. Specifically for spin-1 nuclei 112 2.2. Two-axis jump processes 114 2.3. 2-by-2-site jump 114 2.4. 2-by-3-site jump 115 3. Numerical Simulations 117 3.1. Spin-1 nuclei 118 3.2. Half-integer quadrupolar nuclei 118 4. Results and Discussion 119 4.1. Spin-1 nuclei 119 4.2. Dynamic effects in 14N MAS spectra by SQ or DQ coherences 123 4.3. Multi-axis jump processes 124 4.4. Half-integer quadrupolar nuclei 129 5. Conclusions 134 Acknowledgements 135 References 135... 

Theoretical expressions for spin-lattice relaxation of 2H nuclei (determined by locally axially symmetric quadrupolar interactions modulated by molecular motions) can be derived for specific dynamic processes, allowing the correct dynamic model to be established by comparison of theoretical and experimental results [34,35]. In addition, T, anisotropy effects, which can be revealed using a modified inversion recovery experiment, can also be informative with regard to establishing the dynamic model [34,35]. 

Specific polarization effects, beyond those modelled by a continuum dielectric model and the movement of certain atoms, are neglected in MIF calculations. Many-body effects are also neglected by use of a pair-wise additive energy function. Polarizable force fields are, however, becoming more common in the molecular mechanics force fields used for molecular dynamics simulations, and MIFs could be developed to account for polarizability via changes in charge magnitude or the induction of dipoles upon movement of the probe. 

Different theories have been proposed on how enzymes bind their specific substrates and achieve these huge rate accelerations [1]. One key question that remains to be answered is how dynamic effects contribute to the activity and specificity of enzymes. The initially proposed lock and key mechanism was supported by the large number of X-ray structures, which represent static snapshots of one enzyme conformation. Along this line, the observation of... 

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