Specific dispersion

For functions (4.3.35) to be calculated, rather complicated specific dispersion laws should be known for the excitations induced by long-range anisotropic dipole forces. That is why, the approximate expression... 

Wiener H (1948a) Relation of the physical properties of the isomeric alkanes to molecular structure. Surface tension, specific dispersion, and critical solution temperature in aniline. J. Phys. Chem. 52 1082-1089. 

While the structure of clusters responds to directionally specific electrostatic interactions, their stabilization energy reflects also the intervention of less specific dispersion interactions. This is, e.g., the case for stacked DNA base pairs. Stability of these pairs stems from dispersion energy while their structure is determined by dipole-dipole electrostatic interactions. Dispersion energy plays an important role in stabilizing clusters of biomacromolecules, where it may be the dominant attractive term. 

Some special applications require specific dispersants. The case described in this paper shows that adding a property like hydrophobicity to a dispersant can help solve a problem in the final product. This is something we should not neglect when helping our customers to improve the quality of their products. 

In most deposit analyses, calcium (CaO) is normally present as the highest percentage individual constituent, If so, and there is also a high sulfate content, this would tend to indicate excessive acid dosing and/or an overly high COC, and possibly inadequate levels of sulfate specific dispersant, in addition. 

If significant phosphate is present, it is possible that a stabilized phosphate program has been used and the O-P ratios have not been maintained correctly, or the total phosphate reserve has been too high (check the makeup for phosphate content), or the reserve phosphate specific dispersant has been maintained at too low a level in relation to the calcium hardness. 

The optical-phonon threshold at low temperature is not as sharp as experimental spectra show. The bidimensional exciton model does not account for the specific dispersions of excitons and phonons in anthracene. 

The differentiation between effects due to specific solute/solvent interactions and bulk dielectric solvent effects is not easy to visualize and is often a matter of debate [367]. The experimental data indicate that the solvent sensitivities of vx-o vibrations are complex functions of several factors, including contributions from bulk dielectric effects, non-specific dispersion and induction forces, specific HBD/HBA interactions, as well as steric effects [134]. Solvent effects on the vc o IR stretching absorption have been line-... 

This positive surface tension term may be thought of as a cavity creation energy clearly the atom-specific dispersion and hydrophilic contributions are not included. 

Wiener, H. (1948a). Relationship of Physical Properties of Isomeric Alkanes to Molecular Structure Surface Tension, Specific Dispersion and Critical Solution Temperature in Aniline. J.Phys.Colloid Chem., 52,1082-1089. 

Wiener, H. (1948a) Relationship of physical properties of isomeric alkanes to molecular structure surface tension, specific dispersion and critical solution temperature in aniline. /. Phys. Colloid Chem., 52, 1082-1089. 

Most of the ensuing part of this book deals with dispersed systems. These generally have one or more kinds of interface, often making up a considerable surface area. This means that surface phenomena are of paramount importance, and they are discussed in Chapter 10. Colloidal interaction forces between structural elements are also essential, as they determine rheological properties and physical stability these forces are the subject of Chapter 12. The various kinds of physical instability are treated in Chapter 13, and the nucleation phenomena involved in phase transitions in Chapter 14. Specific dispersed systems are discussed in Chapters 11 and 17. The present chapter explains important concepts and discusses geometrical aspects. 

The gradient is necessary if gradient dilution or additional detectors are to be used. In gradient dilution the numerous points (C in figure 21.3) along the concentration profile can be used for information. Each point conesponds to a specific dispersion coefficient for the dispersed sample. Therefore, it is possible to produce a series of calibration curves using different points on the FIA peak. 

As in one-component systems, the value of a in binary systems can be subdivided into a non-specific dispersion component, ad, and a nondispersion component, on, which is determined by the types of intermolecular interactions in the neighboring phases. The dispersion component of the... 

Although attempts to incorporate sulfur in asphalt were initiated many years ago (1, 2) and different authors investigated the sulfur/ asphalt system (3, 4, 5, 6), the SNPA process produces very fine particles because of specific dispersion conditions. This important dispersion results in a stable high sulfur-content emulsion which has specific viscoelastic properties in a very large temperature range (especially low temperatures). 

Past range shifts were accomplished by seed dispersal 10-100 km beyond the species range limit. The frequency of long-distance dispersal events has not been adequately measured, but data show clearly that the average dispersal distance differs between species. Migration models will have to include species-specific dispersal parameters. 

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