Combined evidence

The certainty factor approach has been among the more popular rule-based approaches to uncertainty. However, although it is easy to apply given the individual CFs, acquiring the raw CFs from the experts is often quite difficult. Further, although the formulas for CF combination are mathematically appealing, they often have no relation to the ways in which experts combine evidence to arrive at conclusions. Some of the task-specific approaches discussed later address uncertainty combination in a more intuitive way (35). 

From the combined evidence, the tentative structure 42 was proposed for the repeating unit of C-substance. The choline phosphate residue is possibly linked to 0-3 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galac-tose. 

The Reasoner combines evidence from all sources and makes deductions from this evidence. The combination of evidence results in a single "confidence level" for each substructure. These confidence levels designate the degree to which the evidence supports the presence of the substructure in the unknown compound. They range from -100% (substructure definitely absent), through 0% (no information), to +100% (substructure definitely present). The confidence levels are ultimately derived from statistical analysis of representative spectral libraries. Details of the generation and propagation of confidence levels will be described in a separate report.(28)... 

The formula for the test statistic is somewhat complex, but again this statistic provides the combined evidence in favour of treatment differences. When Mantel and Haenszel developed this procedure they calculated that when the treatments are identical the probabilities associated with its values follow a x i distribution. This is irrespective of the number of outcome categories, and the test is sometimes referred to as the chi-square one degree of freedom test for trend. 

Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, et al. Schizoaffective disorder and affective disorders with mood-incongruent psychotic features keep separate or combine Evidence from a family study. Am J Psychiatry 1992 149 1666-1673. 

However, N2 is exceedingly unreactive. In the commercial Haber process high pressure and temperature are needed to cause H2 and N2 to combine. Evidently cleavage of 16 molecules of ATP must be coupled to the nitrogenase reduction system to overcome the very high activation energy. 

Combined evidence that the larger-diameter Filmix particles (i.e.. subpopulation) are surfactant-stabilized gas microbubbles... 

Nespurek et al.51 53 reported the mechanism of the photochromism of sydnone, a mesoionic compound. Since this system exhibits photochromism in the solid state, the origin of the colored form was assumed to be the formation of a colored center or intermolecular charge-transfer state. In contrast to this view, the combined evidence from experiments and MO calculations led Nespurek et al. to conclude that the nature of the photochromism was intramolecular. 

Second, combined evidence from theoretical computer modeling studies of short peptides (too short to form any detectable a-helix or (3-sheet) in aqueous solution and a variety of spectroscopic studies, including ultraviolet CD (Rucker et al., 2002), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (Poon et al., 2000), two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy (Woutersen and Hamm, 2001), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) (Keiderling et al., 1999), and vibrational Raman spectroscopy (Blanch et al., 2000), reveal that the PPII helix is the dominant conformation in a variety of these short peptides. 

Were systematic and explicit methods used to identify, select, and combine evidence ... 

Dart RC, Goldfrank L, Chyka PA, et al. Combined evidence-based literature analysis and consensus guidelines for stocking of emergency antidotes in the United States. Ann Emerg Med 2000 36 126-132. 

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