Speciation electrothermal atomic absorption

Batley [28] examined the techniques available for the in situ electrodeposition of lead and cadmium in estuary water. These included anodic stripping voltammetry at a glass carbon thin film electrode and the hanging drop mercury electrode in the presence of oxygen and in situ electrodeposition on mercury coated graphite tubes. Batley [28] found that in situ deposition of lead and cadmium on a mercury coated tube was the more versatile technique. The mercury film, deposited in the laboratory, is stable on the dried tubes which are used later for field electrodeposition. The deposited metals were then determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Hasle and Abdullah [29] used differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in speciation studies on dissolved copper, lead, and cadmium in coastal sea water. 

B. Do, S. Robinet, D. Pradeau and F. Guyon, Speciation of arsenic and selenium compounds by ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Application of experimental design for chromatographic optimisation, J. Chromatogr. A, 918(1), 2001, 87-98. 

Keirsse H, Smeyers-Verbeke J, Verbeelen D, et al. 1987. Critical study of the speciation of aluminum in biological fluids by size-exclusion chromatography and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 196 103-114. 

Wrobel K, Gonzalez EB, Wrobel K, et al. 1995. Aluminum and silicon speciation in human serum by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and gel electrophoresis. Analyst 120 809-815. 

Das, A.K. and Chakraborty, R. (1997) Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in the study of metal ion speciation. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 357, 1-17. 

Bermejo, P., Pena, E., Dominguez, R., Bermejo, A., Fraga, J.M., Cocho, J.A. Speciation of iron in breast milk and infant formulas whey by size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 50, 1211-1222 (2000)... 

Detection techniques of high sensitivity, selectivity, and ease of coupling with sample preparation procedures are of special interest for measuring PGM content in biological and environmental samples. ICP MS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS), adsorptive voltammetry (AV), and neutron activation analysis (NAA) have fotmd the widest applications, both for direct determination of the total metal content in the examined samples and for coupling with instrumental separation techniques. Mass spectrometry coupled with techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) (e.g., ESI MS", LC ESI MS", LC ICP MS, CE MS", and CE ICP MS) offer powerful potential for speciation analysis of metals. MS is widely used for examination of the distribution of the metals in various materials (elemental analysis) and for elucidation of the... 

Shemieani R and Rajabi M (2001) Preconcentration of chromium (III) and speciation of chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using cellulose adsorbent. Fresenius J Anal Chem 371 1037-1040. 

Gardiner, P.E., Ottaway, J.M., Fell, G.S. and Burns, R.R. (1981). The application of gel filtration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the speciation of protein bound zinc and copper in human biood serum. Anal. Chim. Acta, 124, 281. 

E. Ghasemi, N. M. Najafi, Sh. Seidi, F. Raofie and A. Ghassempour, Speciation and determination of trace inorganic tellurium in environmental samples by electrodeposition-electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2009, 24(10), 1446-1451. 

Olayinka, K.O., Haswell, S.J. and Grzeskowiak, R. (1989) Speciation of cadmium in crab-meat by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrothermal atomisation atomic absorptive spectrophotometric detection in a model gut digestive system. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 4, 171-175. 

Donard, O.F.X., S. Rapsomanikis, and J.H. Weber. 1986. Speciation of inorganic tin and alkyltin compounds by atomic absorption spectrometry using electrothermal quartz furnace after hydride generation. Anal. Chem. 58 772-777. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Flame Electrothermal Vapor Generation. Elemental Speciation Oven/lew. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Interferences and Background Correction Flame Electrothermal. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Flame Photometry. Elemental Speciation Practicalities and Instrumentation. Laser-Based Techniques. Optical Spectroscopy Radiation Sources Detection Devices. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was established as the most popular gas chromatography (GC) detection technique for lead speciation analysis in the first years of speciation studies. The increase of the residence time of the species in the flame using a ceramic tube inside the flame and, later, the use of electrically heated tubes, made out of graphite or quartz where electrothermal atomization was achieved, provided lower detection limits but still not sufficiently low. Later, the boom of plasma detectors, mainly microwave induced plasma atomic emission (MIP-AES) and, above all, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively) allowed the sensitivity requirements for reliable organolead speciation analysis in environmental and biological samples (typically subfemtogram levels) to be achieved. These sensitivity requirements makes speciation analysis of organolead compounds by molecular detection techniques such as electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) a very difficult task and, therefore, the number of applications in the literature is very limited. 

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