Soporific

Acetophenone is a colourless compound, havtng m.p. 20° and b.p. 201° except in cold weather it is therefore usually a liquid, of dy I 03. It has only a faint odour. Acetophenone was at one time used medicinally under the name of hypnone as a soporific, but for this purpose it has now been largely superseded by other and more suitable drugs. 

Schlaf, tn. sleep temple (of the head), -arznel, /. soporific, hypnotic, narcotic, schlafbeforderad, p.a, soporific. 

By the autumn of 1939, Muller had tested 349 compounds. For his 350th compound, Muller combined the soporific chloral—the active ingredient in Mickey Finn knockout drops—with chlorobenzene and a catalyst, sulfuric acid. His product was dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, later known worldwide as DDT ... 

Haimov, I. Lavie, P. (1997). Melatonin - a chronobiotic and soporific hormone. 

In general, nonopioid analgesics are characterized by three fundamental types of action analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and fever-reducing action, which are used for alleviation of headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, and that do not have sedative or soporific effects. Euphoria, addiction, and drug dependence do not result from their use. 

Sedation is an intermediate degree of CNS depression, while hypnosis is a degree of CNS depression similar to natural sleep. From the chemical point of view, soporific, sedative, and hypnotic drugs are classified as barbiturates, benzodiazepine hypnotics, and so on. Except for a few rare exceptions, any one of these compounds can be used for acquiring a sedative effect or state of sleep. Presently, the less toxic benzodiazepines are edging out the class of barbiturates more and more because of the possibility of chronic dependence associated with the use of barbiturates. Drugs of both classes are primarily CNS depressants, and a few of their effects, if not all, are evidently linked to action on the GABA-receptor complex. 

Phenobarbital exhibits relaxant, soporific, and anticonvulsant activities. It is widely used in treating epilepsy, chorea, and spastic paralysis, and is used as a component of a large number of combined drugs, valocordin and corvalol in particular. The most common synonyms are luminal, fenemal, hypnotal, and several others. 

Amobarbital is used as a soporific drug in various forms of insomnia and as a sedative and anticonvulsant drug. The most frequently used synonyms are barbamil, amital, and hypnamil. 

Talbutal differs from butabarbital in that a sec-butyl radical is used in talbutal, whereas in butabarbital, an isobutyl radical can be used as a substituent on C,. Talbutal is used as a sedative, soporific drug for the same indications as butabital. Synonyms for this drug are profundol, lotusate, and others. 

Pentobarbital is basically considered an isomer of amobarbital. They are similar in terms of action, and the difference lies in the fact that pentobarbital is shorter lasting and easier to tolerate. It is used as a relaxant as well as a soporific for short-term insomnia. The most frequently used synonym of this drug is nembutal. 

Diazepam exhibits anxiolytic, sedative, soporific, central myorelaxant, and anticonvulsant action. It suppresses feelings of fear, worry, and stress. It is nsed for nervons stress, excitement, anxiety, sleep distnrbance, neurovegetative disorders, psychonenrosis, obsessive neurosis, hysterical or hypochondriac reactions, and phobias. The most freqnently used synonyms are sednxen, relaninm, valium, sibazon, apaurin, and many others. 

Chlordiazepoxide is used for treating neurotic conditions such as reheving feelings of fear, worry, and stress. It exhibits soporific action on the CNS, causes muscle relaxation, and possesses anticonvulsant activity. It is frequently used after operational interventions. The most frequently used synonyms are elenium and hbrium. 

Trifluperidol is a powerful antipsychotic drug. It enhances the action of soporifics, narcotics, and analgesics. It also possesses anticonvulsant and antiemetic action. 

Primidone is chemically and structurally similar to phenobarbital with the exception that the carbonyl group on Cj is replaced by a methylene group. This modification leads to the production of a drug with strong anticonvulsant properties without expressed soporific effects. 

Diphenhydramine is one of the main representatives of antihistamine drngs that block Hj receptors. Besides antihistamine activity, diphenhydramine exhibits a local anesthetic effect, relaxes smooth mnscle, and has sedative and soporific action. 

Soporific Agents (Hypnotics and Sedative Drugs), Pages 57-68... 

Rubidium metal and its salts bave very few commercial apphcations. They are used in research involving magnetohydrodynamics and thermoionic experiments. Rubidium is used in pbotocells. The metal also is a getter of oxygen in vacuum tubes. The beta-emitter rubidium -87 is used to determine age of some rocks and minerals. Radioisotopes of rubidium have been used as radioactive tracers to trace the flow of blood in the body. The iodide salt treats goiters. Rubidium salts are in pharmaceuticals as soporifics, sedatives, and for treating epilepsy. 

Benzodiazepines are also used for several other conditions that are related to, but not actually termed, anxiety. For example, benzodiazepines are commonly given as soporific or hypnotic drugs (drugs that help people sleep). One of the benzodiazepines, flurazepam, is the most frequently prescribed hypnotic drug in the United States. Benzodiazepines also are administered as muscle relaxants, and can even reduce the occurrence of seizures or convulsions. Another common use of benzodiazepines is in alcohol withdrawal. Someone who is trying to stop drinking alcohol is usually given a heavy dose of... 

The original writings of Hippocrates and his school have not been handed down to us. They reached Alexandria around 300 BC and were summarized by the Roman author Celsus in the first century AD. The need for individual adaptation of each therapy was stressed here frightened patients are to be reassured in a friendly manner manic patients should be chained and perhaps starved music and poetry lift the melancholy the mad should be shunned or brought to other thoughts by sudden noises and adequate sleep should be ensured for all patients. Poppy (opium) and henbane were available for this, but rippling fountains could also have a calming and soporific action. 

The major authority for medicine in the Middle Ages was Galen of Pergamon, who worked in Rome in the second century AD. Galen adopted the humoral theory of Hippocrates, including the classification of mental illnesses, and his therapeutic recommendations were also based on the tradition of the Hippocratic school diet, vomiting, blood-letting and the administration of soporifics. 

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