Sophorose

Sophorose Stachyose P-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-D-glucose p-D-Fructofuranosyl a-D-galadopyranosyl (1 ->6)-a-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 ->6)-a-D-glucopyranoside... 

Coumaroyl-glucose Femloyl-glucose 6-CaffeoyI-sophoroside 6"- Coumaroyl - s ophoros e 6-CoumaroyI-sophorose 2"-sophorosyI-6-caffeoyI-6"-coumaroyI-sophorose... 

C12H220,1 H20 2-O-yS-D-Glucopyranosyl-a-D-glucopyranose, monohydrate (sophorose, monohydrate) SOPROS 38 450... 

Ci2H220n-H20 2-0-/3-D-Glucopyranosyl-a-D-glucopyranose monohydrate sophorose monohydrate (SOPROS)77... 

Fig. 2.106. Separation and identification of various anthocyanin red fruit juices a, grape b, blueberry c, raspberry and d, red currant. Mobile phase water-acetonitrile-formic acid (84 6 10, v/v). Abbreviations Dp delphidin, Cy cyanidin, Pt petunidin, Pn peonidin, Mv malvidin, glu glucose, gala galactose, ara arabinose, ruti rutinose, sopho sophorose, sam sambubiose, xyl xylose. Reprinted with permission from J.-P. Goiffon et al. [241].

Disaccharides cellobiose and cellobiulose, (gentiobiose, isomaltose, kojibiose, laminarabiose, leucrose, melibiose, nigerose, palatinose, sophorose, trehalose, turanose, and xylobiose), lactose and lactulose, maltose and maltulose ... 

The first group is comprised that of compounds which potentially could be degraded to form G-l-P by phosphorolysis by beta-linkage specific enzymes. They include IPTGlu, cellobiose, sophorose, salicin, and sucrose. Addition of these compounds, or exogenous G-l-P, to Solka Floe fermentations improved maximum cellulase yields from 171 to 309%, and the time period for enzyme synthesis was reduced from 95 to 59% compared with using Solka Floe only. 

Low-Molecular Weight Xylanase Inducers. The response of cellulolytic fungi to low-molecular weight fragments of xylan and ceUulose confirmed the separate regulatory control of the formation of xylanases and ceUulases. Xylobiose [Xylp-p-(l- 4)-Xylp] was a specific inducer of xylanases in T. reesei (61) and Aspergillus terreus (67). Sophorose and otho glucobioses selectively induced the synthesis of... 

Xylanolytic systems of yeasts and fungi can also be induced by positional isomers of xylobiose. Induction with Xylp-p-(l- 2)-Xyl/7 is analogous to the sophorose induction of cellulase in filamentous fungi (76). Xylp-p-(l- 2)-Xyl/7 and Xylp-p-(l- 3)-Xyl/7 induced xylanase in C. albidus (77), Trichosporon cutaneum (73), A. pullulans (78) and A. terreus (Hrmova, M. et al., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, submitted for publication, 1990). In C. albidus the positional isomers behave differently than does xylobiose (77), in that the response of the cells to them was slower but the enzyme yields were higher than in the presence of xylobiose. This in-icated that isomeric xylobioses were not direct inducers. In agreement with this idea, both Xylp-p-(l- 2)-Xylp and Xylp-p-(l- 3)-Xylp were transformed to Xyl/7-p-(l- 4)-Xyl/7, the natural inducer (79). 

Among the new anthocyanins, which have been reported after 1992, 47, 22, and 36 contain sophorose, rutinose, and sambubiose, respectively (Figure 10.5). Most of the anthocyanins containing sophorose were first isolated from species belonging to Convolvulaceae (22) and Cruciferae (13) (Table 10.2). This disaccharide has also been identified in new anthocyanins isolated from AJuga (Labiatae), " "" Consolida (Ranunculaceae)," Begonia (Begonia-ceae)," and in the flavonol unit of two covalent anthocyanin-flavonol complexes from Allium (Alliaceae)."... 

Notes ace, acetic acid oxa, oxalic acid mal, malonic acid sue, succinic acid mly, malic acid hba,/ -OH-benzoic acid gao, gallic (tri-OH-benzoyl) acid cum, / -coumaric acid caf, caffeic acid fer, ferulic acid sin, sinapic acid hca, 3,5-diOHcinnamic acid tar, tartaric acid ara, arabinose xyl, xylose rha, rhamnose gal, galactose glc, glucose glu, glucuronic acid 2-(xyl)glc, sambubiose 2-(xyl)gal, lathyrose 2-(rha)glc, neohesperidose 6-(rha)gal, robinose 6-(rha)glc, rutinose 2-(glc)glc, sophorose 3-(glc)glc, laminariobiose 6-(glc)glc, gentiobiose. 

Only one branched tetrasaccharide was listed in the last edition of The Flavonoids. [rhamno-syl(l 4)glucosyl(l 6)]sophorose, which was present at the 7-hydroxyl of acacetin and acetylated at the 6"-position of the sophorose in leaves of Peganum harmala (Zygophylla-ceae). Since then some eight new branched tetrasaccharides have been reported, all attached... 

Finan and Warren12 conducted a Koenigs-Knorr condensation of benzyl 3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-a-D-glucofuranoside with tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, and obtained a derivative in which the reducing residue of sophorose was present as its benzyl furanoside. 

D-glucose in the ratio of 8.3 1 and only a trace of a di-O-methyl-D-glucose, further confirming that it was a (1—>6)-linked polymer. The disaccharide fraction from the zinc chloride polymerization of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucose gave sophorose and kojibiose in the ratio of 3 1, whereas 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucose gave cellobiose and maltose in the same ratio. 

Draw the structures of a-sophorose, a-melibiose, and lactulose. Sophorose is two glucoses linked /3 (1-2). Melibiose is a galactose linked to a glucose by an a (1-6) bond. Lactulose is galactose linked /3 (1-4) to fructose. 

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