Some Other Important Carbohydrates

Glycosides are a large and very important class of carbohydrate derivatives character ized by the replacement of the anomeric hydroxyl group by some other substituent Gly cosides are termed O glycosides N glycosides S glycosides and so on according to the atom attached to the anomeric carbon... 

RunUnococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefadens. These bacteria are important cellulose-degraders found in the rumen of cattle and sheep (2). Most isolated strains ferment cellulose and xylan and all ferment cellobiose. Fermentation of glucose and some other carbohydrates depends on the particular strain. R flavefadens and B. succinogenes can ferment the highly ordered crystalline cellulosic su trates but R albus cannot. No evidence has been found for extracellular cellulase production by R albus, but Ohmiya et al. purified cellobiosidase from this culture 17). Laboratory growth of R albus has been conducted at pH 7.0 and 37 C. 

When substantial carbohydrate maldigestion occurs in infants, it can lead to diarrhea. This is most often seen when the infant has experienced some other insult that has damaged the small intestine enterocytes, producing a secondary hypolactasia.This is more so when the infant has a rotavirus infection, and rotavirus is the most important cause of gastroenteritis in infancy. Rotavirus infects only mature enterocytes,... 

As an introduction to this section, I would like to give a brief overview of the use of carbohydrates in adhesives. This overview is presented from a personal perspective. It will probably skim over some very important areas and may miss others entirely. I hope, however, to give you some indication of the breadth of possibilities for using carbohydrates in adhesives and some indications of possible areas where future research would be appropriate. 

For alcohols to be such important starting materials in aliphatic chemistry, they must be not only versatile in their reactions but also available in large amounts and at low prices. There are two principal ways to get the simple alcohols that are the backbone of aliphatic organic synthesis by hydration of alkenes obtained from the cracking of petroleum, and by fermentation of carbohydrates. In addition to these two chief methods, there are some others that have more limited application. (See Fig. 15.1.)... 

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