Some Official Organizations

In the past 20 years, consumers have increasingly considered synthetic colorants undesirable or harmful but they are still used extensively in many food products. Official organizations in the United States and European Union have restricted the use of some synthetic colorants as additives in foods (see Table 7.3.1 in Section 7.3). The list of allowed colorants has been reduced to 21. Section 7.3 also discusses details about their structures. 

Accepted methods usually represent a consensus view from a number of analytical laboratories working in a particular application area. They may be developed and validated collectively under the auspices of professional or official bodies or trade organizations. Standard methods are similar to accepted methods but are usually developed on a national or international basis by an organization with some official status. These methods are usually published and have detailed procedures. The extent of validation of such methods can be taken for granted but has to be examined carefully. 

Some of the principal terms and properties associated with adsorption, powders and porous solids are defined in Tables 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. These definitions are consistent with those proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (see Sing el al. 1985 Haber, 1991 Rouquerol et al., 1994) and by the British Standards Institution (1958, 1992) and other official organizations (see Robens and Krebs, 1991). 

For the publication of original matter and occasional reviews, some papers in dairy chemistry, but not very many, appear in American Chemical Society journals, as also in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, The main publication in the field in this country is the Journal of Dairy Science, Qi the American Dairy Science Association. This, however, covers a very much broader field than chemistry. The Journal of Milk and Food Technology, which is the official organ of the International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, is primarily concerned with papers of public health interest. The Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists contains some reports on analytical methods appertaining to the dairy field. There are also numerous trade magazines in which scientific and technical articles appear from time to time. 

The guidelines we have given and the conventions we have illustrated in this section have grown up over decades. They are not arbitrary pronouncements by some official body but are used by organic chemists because they work We guarantee to follow them for the rest of the book—try to follow them yourself whenever you draw an organic structure. Before you ever draw a capital C or a capital H again, ask yourself whether it s really necessary ... 

The deep chemical know-how based on the new theories of organic chemistry inspired by Kekule s six-carbon benzene ring (which was ideally suited to the needs of dye invention) was to be obtained at many German state-run institutions after 1870, but rarely in Britain. This was acknowledged in Britain. However, the overall lack of economic vision at government level with respect to the education of chemists for industrial careers had dire consequences. There was some official concern about the situation, which led to recommendations for reforms by the Select Committee on Education in 1868 and the Royal Commission in 1881, but httle affirmative action was taken. 

Wherever possible, official definitions of IUPAC, ISO and other international organizations have been used, in particular in the Glossary of Analytical Terms compiled at the end of the book. However, uniformity could not be achieved in every case. In a few instances, special comments and proposals (characterized as such) have been added. Although progress in the field of harmonization of nomenclature and definitions has been considerable, some things still remain to be done. 

Fig. 8.5 shows the U.S. production of ethylene, propylene, and butadiene over the years. Ethylene has shown a good, steady increase for many years since the 1950s, as it has replaced ethanol as the major C2 raw material and is now used in nearly half of all organic polymers and chemicals produced by volume. Some would argue that it should be used in place of sulfuric acid as the main economic indicator of the chemical industry. Certainly for organic chemicals it has top billing. Propylene shows a similar but lower trend. Although the official production of propylene is usually about half that of ethylene, it is probably near ethylene if captive refmeiy-made... 

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