Solvents interactions between, toxic effects

The toxic effect on biocatalytic activity and stability in two-phase reaction system media can be divided into two effects. The first one, called the molecular-toxicity effect, is a direct toxic effect of the solvent molecules, which are dissolved in the aqueous phase and interact with the biocatalyst, particularly with whole cells. The second one, which is created by the presence of an interface between the aqueous and the organic solvent phase, is called the phase-toxicity effect [2, 24]. 

This section aims to show how the LFER approach compares to other property calculation methods. Biological, chemical, and physical responses originate from interactions between two or more molecules. Many of these interactions can be looked at as involving a solute molecule surrounded by solvent molecules. The successful application of solute-solvent interaction models to many such properties has been well documented. Examples of these properties include solubility, partition coefficients, rate constants, and biological activities, such as equilibrium binding constants, effective doses, and toxicities, as well as other topics of interest in medicinal chemistry. 

The renal toxicity of carbon tetrachloride is also potentiated by isopropanol, as well as by ethanol. Workers in a chemical packaging plant were exposed to a mixture of vapors of carbon tetrachloride and isopropanol when the spacing between two packaging lines (one for each solvent) was small enough to create a mixed vapor atmosphere. Renal failure developed in 4 of the 14 workers so exposed. The authors of the study attributed the potentiating effect of isopropanol on carhon tetrachloride to acetone, a metabolite of isopropanol. They contrast this with the potentiation of ethanol on carbon tetrachloride, where it is the contaminant (ethanol) and not the metaholite that is the cause of the potentiation [12]. This is a further example of a potentiated effect being observed from a mixture of a lipophile (carbon tetrachloride, = 2.83) and a lipophile (acetone, = -0.24). Here, the hpophile interacts with the lipophile. 

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